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<p>The Uneven Distrbution of Evolution<br>
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The case that evolution was unevenly distributed holds here as it does elsewhere. As you will learn, different groups show various forms of progress along the path of the wave, but in no way will progress surpass built in characteristics or tendencies. Spain could not overcome its distance. lack of education and poor soil. England excelled because of many of the advantages with which it began the 1398 wave. Eastern Europe generally began the wave with a culture less conducive to grant freedoms stifling motivation to innovate. The examples are many. What we should learn here is that the conditions under which a group begins a wave does much to determine how it will proceed during it. Understand that each cardinal point that heralds a new phase should be seen as a decision point, a time when the parties involved could have chosen various paths. That a party did not know a new path opened to them matters not. Actually, this is where how evolution occurring at different rates reveals itself.<br>
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Spain and England between 1398 and 1572 best illustrate this concept. Spain in the 1570s found itself trying to avoid bankruptcy, defend Catholicism across Europe and at war with the crown\'s possession, the Netherlands. England faced the usual uncertainty over rights to the throne, solidifying, but still not fully defined religious identity and a need to gain a foothold in overseas ventures. As it turned out Spain could not after 1572, at Neptune-Pluto the lower square overcome its poor financial management, spottily educated administration and divided national interests. In contrast, England unified behind its queen, consolidated its power over religion and entered the slave and ocean trade that cemented its rise to empire. Why did one nation succeed where another, one that had an apparent advantage of a seemingly endless flow of precious metals, failed?.<br>
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The answer lies with the conditions found at the start of the wave. Spain never shared the same sense of unity as England. It had a relatively poor economy--less suitable soil contributed greatly to this--a condition that lead to a smaller middle class from which to draw modernizing talents. Add the Inquisition to Jewish exile and a picture of nation that discouraged innovation and enterprise emerges. Another fact tells more: Spain sent their maps to Germany for printing, lacking the homegrown talent to which entrust such sensitive information. We should also know that much of Spain\'s woes were more Castilian than Spanish. Spain was part of Charles I\'s dynasty, his inheritance as grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand. Spain played a role in Charles\' plans more than they did for the Spanish. Altogether, this led to a situation where very few Spaniards had motivation to invest in their own land. Contrast this with England where from before 1398 the landowners had always had power through the Parliament. In the the long the landowners through its advisory body and by its ability to raise capital eventually led to the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. Its representative government, though somewhat limited, still managed to involve enough citizens that it avoided the upheaval of the continent. The English had more cause to believe that their efforts would benefit themselves and their country. Since from 1688 forward the English monarch served at the agreement of Parliament, he too had to be seen as serving the nation\'s interest. In contrast, soon after the 1700s, the Spanish crown increasing served foreign interests almost exclusively. In short, Spain could never move past its conditions at the start while England thrived based on them.<br>
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This observation extends to past Europe. China began the 1398 the most prosperous on the planet, but never felt the motivation to change. Some empires in preSpanish America rivaled the riches of Europe, but never had the closely competitive societies of Europe. Africa remained too sparsely populated to create centers of agriculture. let alone industry.<br>
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This disparity in development patterns has other ramifications as well. Various systems evolved in different areas at fluctuating rates. Because England developed a parliamentary system sooner than their counterparts, other areas lagged behind. The lower classes developed a voice later than the French for instance.</p>