1648 covers the period from 1398-1892, the span between the alignments (conjunctions) of Neptune and Pluto.

It is this author''''s opinion that Neptune-Pluto spans, what I call waves, provide a more precise vision of how to divide history. Not only do Neptune-Pluto waves demarcate intuitive divisions of history in comparison to one another, but they also give means to see history according to standard astrological convention.<br />In essence, 1648 covers not only the p how and why the year 1648 proves an important turning point within the 1398-1892 Neptune-Pluto period (1399Neptune-Pluto1892), but how to interpret history employing astrology.
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\r\nLet it be known that within this work, these interpretations will include not only correlations between Neptune and Pluto, but all of the outer planets, with particular focus on Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. While this approach may seem beyond most people''''s range of knowledge, the concepts employed are easy to comprehended. Simply see this exercise as a retelling of history from an outer planet perspective. In that light, know that all the history covered herein is of the mainstream, popularly accepted variety.

Dividing History

The list of books under the ((Directory)) at first glance seem to follow conventional views of history. This match happens only by coincidence. The books in the ((Measuring History Series)) builds on the matrix of ((Neptune-Pluto Waves)) listed below.

Some historical periods turn ou more dense than others. Other periods warrant study in longer or shorter increments; certainly modern history provides more material than more ancient ones. Most of these decisions reflect in the book titles (except the Primer), but readers should remember also that the book list is a projected one, nowhere near finalized.

Measuring Across Time

To the inexperienced, most readers at this ponit. This choice of how to divide history may seem arrogant, but each Neptune-Pluto wave arrives with methods that break it into still smaller pieces. The fact that these methods work the same across any era provides an objective yet revealing way to view history. Soon, the logic of this choice may come to seen as the only natural choice.

What Are Outer Planet Waves?

Outer planet waves simply stand as a metaphor to help understand how to tie outer planet movements to history.

This model leads to elegant descriptions because the proportions remain the same no matter what planet wave we speak of. Whether we speak of ((906Neptune-Pluto1398)) that spans nearly five hundred years or ((1883Saturn-Pluto1915)) of about thirty-one, the model remains the same.

These waves describe processes we know but take for granted like the phases of the Moon.

No matter how what planetary interactions we choose or how far we extend into the universe, the wave metaphor still applies. More than being applicable across time and space this measuring device describes feelings and realities we go through time and time again. Each process we venture upon has a beginning, middle, end and we recognize this consciously and unconsciously, but the wave breaks the process into more useful sections. Whatever the circumstance we see a seed moment, both a beginning and end, this seed needs time to grow before we recognize it for the object it has the potential to be. The span between "planting" and emergence is a critical time whether we speak of agriculture, child-rearing or project management. Just planting a seed does not guarantee its survival, especially in pre-modern times. Emergence depends on soil conditions, suitability of the seed to climate conditions, what kind of care is taken or is possible and so on. Again, success in the projects mentioned above must meet the same conditions. If we work on a project, the seed moment involves intial idea, organization, gathering of materials and setting deadlines and setting forth on the tasks required to complete. If we speak of human growth, we can consider the birth as the seed moment. For first time parents, the end of free time accompanies the beginning of life and the time between "seedling" and emergence can be depicted as follows:

Store that this illustration displays a Saturn''s orbit in wave form, we will return to it later.

For humans emergence comes near the school age, around six or seven. How well a child emerges depends on her/his genetic composition-- a pumpkin seed will not produce a lemon--the care the child receives and the environment that sets the expectations. A hunter-gatherer child will have a different skill set to absorb than a modern one.

From here we move past beginnings to a middle portion. Notice that from emergence to the half point of the onset conditions still persist. How someone plans a project, the care vegetation receives from seedling to root and leave growth reflects the conditions found at the midpoint of the wave. Nonetheless, at this half point, for humans this equates to puberty, we expect differently than what we do at the first portion of the cycle. The crop still requires regular care, but nurse it less. Children do not require the hour to hour attention they do at a younger age. In fact one who is smothered may be not be able to act as independently later. At puberty notice that the child takes on features our subject will have for the rest of her/his life, but we also know that the maturation process has a ways to go. A plant will produce buds, but the fruit must wait until it ripens. Teenagers can and some do have children, but physiologically and mentally the process continues.

As far as the wave model we have moved from 0°/360° (seed) through emergence (90°) to budding (180°). At the seed moment we move across the x-axis to crossing the y-axis at the wave trough back to crossing the x-axis at midpoint.

Wave Rankings

For the same reasons that ((outer planets)) tell us more about history than ((inner planets)) do , we rank waves from the long-term to the short-term. History tied to short-term waves must take into account mid-term ones, mid-term historical trends operate within the long-term framework. The industrialism of Germany tied to ((1883Saturn-Pluto1915)) makes no sense within the frame of the ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) wave, but makes perfect sense within ((1849Uranus-Pluto1964)).

Long-Term Waves

The long term waves inlude between Neptune and Pluto, Uranus to Neptune and Uranus to Pluto. Of these the Neptune-Pluto wave most closely matches the ages most historians ranks as divisions marked by distinct turning points. Because of the wave ranking discussed above, might surmise that the ((Uranus Waves)) act as connective tissue between the Neptune-Pluto waves.

Another Proportion

Once this entire project comes together, I will publish an imagemap based on the following Timewheel(tm) model, but another wheel on the outside with corresponding events according to region or topic. Nonetheless, I noticed something that looked familair for the time wheels that represent each Neptune-Pluto Wave.

Look for the text in black on the wheel on the two outer rings and you will see four in the outer and three in the middle one. The black text represent conjunctions that appear during a Neptune-Pluto wave span. Thus during each Neptune-Pluto wave we will see four Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and three Uranus-Neptune ones. Extending to ((quadrate alignments)) equal amounts of the above appear within each of the same increments, i.e., four Uranus-Pluto oppositions and four upper and lower squares etc and three Uranus-Neptune in each alignment category.

This ratio matches the number of ((elements)) (3) and ((qualities)) found throughout the zodiac. The familiar elements cover the basic building blocks of life: ((fire)), ((earth)), ((air)) and ((water)), while the less known qualities ((cardinal)), ((fixed)) and ((mutable)) represent how things (the elements), move. Without movement all of the material objects in world do us no service at all.

Seeing these Neptune-Pluto periods as we see the zodiac may further help us see history more holistically. Uranus-Pluto alignments act like the elements, offering us the building blocks of change. Is the change fiery, of a more cerebal nature (air)? Uranus-Neptune alignments relate to the quality of change. Is it change that establishes a change (fixed) or one that presents more opportuniity (mutable).

Truthfully, this observation is as new to me as it is to the reader. The rant around it are not fully developed, but wa observation.

Neptune-Pluto

These waves average 493 years, a span conveniently near 500 year spans by which conventional historians typically segment history. Because of Pluto''s lopsided orbit the wave segments do not fall into the quarterly measurements we might expect. For instance during ((1399Neptune-Pluto1892)) the quadrate alignments fall at 171 years, 71 years, 172s and 70 years respectively.

Neptune-Pluto waves represent large changes in the collective mindset. Collective belief systems meet evolutionary changes.

The list below lines up quite well next to mainstream historical age divisions. Historians and readers smartly break history into digestable sections. Of course, various times in history warrant study as a cohesive unit, such as with the ((Roman Empire)) or ((The Bronze Age)). Almost too conveniently, Neptune-Pluto wave alignments come very close to matching turning points related to these two examples, for instance. ((82bceNeptune-Pluto409)) closely parallels the Roman Empire period. Yes, the traditional date begins with Julius Caeser''s ascension to Emperor in 42bce, but the ((Socii Revolution)) of 82bce that determined his path tells a more complete story. Admittely, that the Bronze Age began with ((3062bceNeptune-Pluto2558bce)) might seem like a leap, since no definitive date exists, but we have a method for testing such conjecture ((The Outer Describes the Inner)) covers how each wave has an internal structure that connects events within a wave to one another. Both the history of Greece and the dawn of Modernism serve as great examples.

Decadal Transits

Pluto''s unique makes measuring so much fun! Because Pluto orbit''s, pinched at one end, fat at the other contributes to Neptune-Pluto ((transits)) that last for decades rather than the normally eight to ten years of most Neptune-Pluto events.

Uranus Waves

The best way to gather meaning from these waves takes seeing them as a connected pair. Uranus-Pluto waves introduce new developments whether society wants them or not. Uranus-Neptune waves tend toward the acceptance of Uranus-Pluto ideas across the spectrum.

Uranus-Neptune Waves

These waves return to the same quadrate alignments every 172 years or so. This wave helps translate the collective evolutionary changes into new methods that develop as humans move through time. We must remember that these changes happen in parallel to ((Uranus-Pluto)) that coincide with societal changes that appear more abruptly. Uranus-Neptune waves on the other hand deal with the acceptance of revolutionary change. These changes typically revolve around new abilities to perform tasks and to perceive reality in different terms. The differences associated with these waves typically alter societies as much as those connected to with Uranus-Pluto alignments but the collective more readily accept the need to move to a new a paradigm.

This characteristic certainly held true for during the last two ((conjunction))s of Uranus and Neptune, 1821 and 1993, respectively. Indeed we their waves easily trace back to the beginning of the Age of Reason when ((1650Uranus-Neptune1821)).

That split from established doctrine engendered the creation of physics and the more complete understanding of physical forces, seen and unseen. Around 1821 and thereafter ((Michael Faraday)), took principles of natural philosophy and extended them into practical systems that laid the foundation of modern science and technology. His experiments with magnetism and electromotive force set the forth the practical application of electricity, leading to its widespread adaption around the globe. He also introduced many of the of the terms relevant to both chemistry and electricity in use today. He also laid the foundation for atomic theory and set the stage for electronics on which the Internet lives.

Around the same time, steam technology, around since near the beginning of ((1711Uranus-1819)) moved out of the mining industry onto steamships and onto what would become railroads. From here forward transportation and electricity, moved forward in parallel.

These connections certainly display how society changed in revolutionary ways. The Age or Reason took a big leap away from Church dogma, electricity and motorized transportation dramatically altered how and where people could and did live. The Internet and its networked cousins brought every part of the world to almost everyone''s fingertips. These changes have positive and negative affects we still work through but Uranus-Neptune waves clearly point to trajectories related to how one collective transacts with another.

Uranus-Pluto Waves

Again since Pluto makes up part of this pairing, the increments have unequal lengths of 110 and 140 years. Astrologers claim each planet represent different forms of massive forces of change: revolutionary and evolutionary. If this proves true we should expect incremental change and advances suddenly leading to major breakthroughs or breakdowns. Recent history matches Uranus-Pluto events to times of dramatic, sometimes violent uprisings. These times also brought major lurches forward, featuring times where humans had to accept new circumstance whether prepared to or not.

1455-1848

Uranus-Pluto waves have a direct pedigree from the invention of the printing press up to and including the birth of the Internet, tainted with revolutions of all kinds along the way.

1454 could have been a year when the Italain city states could have united into a powerful bloc. Instead inner rivalaries prickled their attempted treaty and Italian unity faded far into the future. Meanwhile, in England the end of the Hundred Years War ignited the War of the Roses, a sometimes bitter contest eventually established
\r\nthe English character that later powered into a part of imperial power. Back on the mainland, Gutenberg eventually beat out others and printed a Bible by press, one the still bears his moniker. On the Black Sea in 1453, the long fading Byzantine Empire, the last remnants of Imperial Rome, fell to a Turkish emir (with the help of a Hungarian engineer on the cannons).

By 1498, a good portion of the Carribean opened up to European culture, with some of the results reaching publication by press. Stories of African and Indian sea routes also began to reach the hands of the literate, a small portion but one who might know to whom to sell precious spices. Some conjecture that Turkish control inspired these sea voyages, but the Ottomans never cut off the trade routes.

At mid-cycle near 1540 the Tudor king, Henry VIII descendant of a victor of the War of the Roses, broke with the Roman Church, setting up worship fairly unchanged but under power of the throne. In one bold move a tithe disappeared and asset of influence emerged; the throne could award abbys and convents for special favors. Tnat the Church alread fought Protestanism in Germany, Switzerland and Bohemia did not escape the attenion of this influential monarch. Also around this time Copernicus would oppose the Church in another way. His publication spoke of revolution of a different kind, that of planets around the sun.

Around the upper square of 1566, the man who took Copernicus'' ideas another critical step, Kepler entered this world. Around the same time, Europe''s religious conflict entered a level where Protestants fought among themselves to establish the best way to worship, while fighting the Catholic hierarchy. The still mighty Church close to this time (1564) sent the message that its reform would not come into question at the Council of Trent. Indeed, it signaled a redoubling of its efforts by launching the Counter-Reformation. Notice too that two polities that soon gained much through more secular approaches. England and the United Provinces begin to move beyond where Spain and Portugal, partnered business interests with government, setting a trend that Spain knew nothing of.

As the ((1455Uranus-Pluto1598)) wave came to end and ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) dawned, we can see the power of print in action again as ((Kepler)) refined Copernicus, forging the chain the led to Galileo)) (also born at upper square of 1567) to confirm heliocentric focus of our solar system. The printed word and the formation of the modern English also emerge as themes through ((Shakespeare)) another denizen of the circa ((1567 Uranus-Pluto upper square)) (both were born in 1564). Completing the wave, we should note that Descartes, the man most often connected to established the philosophical foundation came to the world in 1598.

1599-1710

The ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) connects the last of the ((Renaissances)) through the ((English Civll War)), the onset of the ((Age of Reason)) and the ((Peace of Westphalia)) at the midpoint around 1649, through the onset of the Industrial Age around start of the XVIIth century. Through all of the events we can see the shadow of the press (King James Bible, The Leviathan, Discourse in Method, the ability to distribute treaty text in various languages. The midpoint, a busy time because ((1478Uranus-Neptune1650)) ended and the midpoint of ((1399Neptune-Pluto1892)) appeared at the same time also coincided with the births of ((Newtown)) and ((Liebniz)). The roots of the French Revolution firmly planted themselves with ((Le Fronde)) as the last Spanish glory begin its final fade as the second half of ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) came to an end. Also of note, the Church here lost its political role; it issued a Bull against the peace that ended the religious wars; it was ignored.

1711-1848

Balance of Power Diplomacy dominated this period, None of the major powers France, Great Britain and Austria felt they could afford to let the another gain too strategic and advantage. With this knowledge, smaller entities used any strategic anamoly to their advantage, engaging in alliances or playing offers against one another to gain whatever they could. This condition engendered creation of standing armies and weaponry, a new development meant to bypass the needs of mercernaries. Mercernaries still survive down to our time, but standing armies now make up a major part of standard military practice. An offshoot of this practice came in the form of strategic shows of force. Leaders with shiny new armies often did want to ding them in combat. Soldiers would move to a threatening position and then negotiations began. Nonetheless, armies and arms cost money, more specifically cash. A system of modern taxation still lay on the horizon. This arms race, along with other factors, contributed to the conditions that exploded at the peak of ((1710Uranus-Pluto1848)): the ((French Revolution)).

Though other outer planet events connect with this watershed event, the connections to Uranus-Pluto events stand clear. For one, as we have seen whenever an outer planet wave reaches a midpoint, history reaches a turning point. This proves no different as the condition appeared between 1792-93. Secondly, the on the ground conditions match the timeline of 1711Uranus-Pluto1848. The arms war launched by Louis XIVth continued through the XVIIIth century. Both his method and government and another underlying factor of the Revolution date back to around ((1598Uranus-180-Pluto1710: 1649)). The other factor? The Age of Reason. The ((Enlightenment)), its successor, fairly well described many of the may ideals the revolution was supposed to test. By the beginning of 1711Uranus-Pluto1848, it pretty much was well on its way to be a guiding force for the rest of the century. With this cultural movement, we recognize the pedigree of Gutenberg''s Bible near the ((1455 Uranus-Pluto conjunction)); the Enlightenment gorged on the printed word.

A major grievance of the uprising centered around representative taxation, an issue also dating back to the Sun King. Modern armies and commerce run on cash, but most governments lacked the ability to leverage of the growing commercial market. These markets included engineers, lawyers and accountants, who demanded a regular and stated rate of pay. But most monarchies, built on primogeniture traced back centuries, lived on fixed incomes. Ultimately, this need for politics to catch up with modern reality represented the root cause of the event that forever transformed the class structure of European culture, wherever it landed. From here forward the terms liberal and conservative, socialist or capitalist began to better explain peoples view than medieval terms left behind.

Leaping forward to 1965 and the beginning of ((1966Uranus-Pluto2100)) we recognize these very terms and some of the characteristics of protest pioneered in the 1790s. Socialism, popularism as well as conservatism and even fascism all trace their roots to La Revolution. In fact, each ((quadrate alignment)) from 1792 through 1965 points to a turning point related to competition among the classes, particularly along the lines of socialism versus capitialism. Certainly, the grievances related to these issues helped fuel the split from the ancien regime. The revolution''s seeming failure still inspired others to attempt the same with varyiing degrees of success. The Uranus-Pluto conjunction of 1848 coincided with revolutions across Europe an atmosphere that encouraged the publication of the ((Communist Manifesto))-- ((Karl Marx)) was born at the Uranus-Pluto upper square in 1821.

At the ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) ((lower square)) around 1876 we run into the ((Panic of 1873)) and ((Great Railroad Strike of 1877)). The latter especially laid out the storyboard for labor issues in the United States.through the 1930s.The railroad striike, that turned increasingly violent, arrived on the combination of government fiat connected to corporate financing. When the ((Jay Cooke Bank)) failed it set up a cascade of failures across the United States. In 1877 when B&O raillroad attempted to cut wages for the second time that year, workers prevented stock from moving. This set off a movement that eventually shut down railroad transit around the nation. Eventually, federal troops helped suppress the violence. The final outcome her is that the unions realized that they required a stronger voice and strategies other than riots. But the battle of worker versus corporation was firmly enjoined. Around the world during the 1870s, socialist groups enjoined setting up next episodes of struggle.

1849-1965

The quadrate alignments for ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) fell along the fault lines of Communism and the working class struggles. Falling back a bit, 1848 brought revolutions that though ostensibly unsuccessful, scared governments enough to introduce rights and freedoms to more and more citizens. Governments looked for ways to increase suffrage while various groups advocated for the same. One that began with little relent were women. The first Feminist convention convened at Seneca falls in 1848. Around the same the US abolitionst movement began to advocate for freedoms, butting against US law.

We already covered the 1877 lower square and how the capitalism spurred by industrialism gave rise to workers rights advocacy. That these still appeared largely unmet evinces in the Progressive movements at the turn of the XXth century and the disastorous 1905 Russian Revolution. We can see the other side of the equation with the introduction of mass production pioneered by ((Henry Ford)) near the 1901 Uranus-Pluto opposition. Here we see the signature of the ((1710Uranus-0-Pluto1848: 1710)) where the Industrial Revolution began and one, like the printing press, that likely will carry down through history.1930 near the ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) ((upper square)) touched these circumstances in at least a couple ways. ((Stalin)) around this time consolidated his power, transforming socialism into a state run machine, for better and worse. With mass production methods, the then USSR produced its way to some parity with the West. Efforts turned out successful enough to promote the Soviet Republics by the end of ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) to superpower status. At what was also the beginning of ((1966Uranus-Pluto2100)), the two powers representing the most powerful of competing idioms, capitalism and socialism brought the world close to mass destruction, and after backing away from direct confrontation used proxy wars to battle the other''s industrial-military complex.

The 1960s'' cultural complexities match those of planetary interactions of the time; we must factor in all of outer planet ((quadrature alignments)) (there were many) to make reasonable connections between the outer planets and the history of the decade, but the roadmap established above makes clear how events of that decade demonstrates clear Uranus-Pluto connections. Another one very similar to Gutenberg''s Bible came into history with the introduction of the ((Arapanet)), its cousins and its descendants. Like the printing press it served a few needs at first, but eventually the needs and wants delivered via the Internet find limit only at the number of people who access it. Taken beyond the restriction of actual usage, books affected millions who never learned to read.

Our culture reveres the printed word, for good reason. We measure a nation or culture by its literacy. We should remember, however, that the book, like introduction of writing, also brought a way life to end. Before books reached critical mass, delivery of the spoken word followed a tradition dating back centuries. Yes, the Church produced text written by hand, but even this technique matches the ability to interject individual style into each piece. The press took the first step into mass production, introducing many of the requirements and behaviors inherent to modern commerce and industry.Banking, accounting, government treasuries all depend on the repitition and precision that the press provides. Gutenberg had to defend his patent against the financial backer that lended him the capital needed to produce his seminal invention. With the press we also received communication in the vernacular, the ability to convey standard instructions to many at once over long distances. Advertising and promotion played major roles in fomenting revolution both religious and secular: Martin Luther''s message spread prodigiously with the help of the press. Through the printed word people read of a new world and cast their fate to words cast on paper. The press also brought to us authors, those who could make a living solely or partially because of their ability to place words on paper people wanted to read. Eventually, women too could do the same, a development that still alters our worldview. What people wrote or read could range from a treatise on, the evils of witches or Mein Kampf, Little Women or Walden''s Pond. Like money, the printed word could end up in anyone''s hand.

Directly descendant from the press, the Internet and similar networks is open to all, from pedophiles to racists, to humane societies and mental health support groups, the Internet offers access to all and changes even those who have never touched a computer. Like the printed word it simultaneously enriches and displaces.

Mid-Term Waves

Saturn-Uranus Waves

This frequency means that the same Saturn-Uranus quadurate alignment occurs twice a century.

Saturn-Neptune Waves

Saturn-Pluto Waves

Short-Term Waves

Real World Wave Examples

1954Saturn-Neptune1989

This wave is covered in more detail here, but a synopsis helps illustrate the above:

{maketoc}The period from 1649-1821 both epitomized 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 and represents a huge leap for humankind still relevant through 2007. In this 172 year stretch science became science (and philosophy gained independence); kingdom turned into nationhood; armies turned from mercenary to national assets; the middle-class gained a name and a voice; 13 colonies turned in Unites States; and France went from feudal monarchy to a constitutional one, taking Europe on a wild ride along the way. By 1821, also the year Napoleon passed away, everyone knew turning back proved impossible. While no one really had an idea of how to proceed, everyone knew that the feudal system had died or was on its deathbed. While the wedding of science to technology underwent growing pains, all saw that it answered questions religion could not. Implementing modern governments lay ahead, as did railroads, steamships, telegraphs and movies. But all of these developments required the groundwork undertaken between 1649 and 1821....page...<h2>Outer Planet Correlations</h2><h3>Neptune-Pluto</h3>Among the outer planets, Neptune began to move back toward its approximate 495 alignment with Pluto, having just passed through the midpoint of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892....page...<h3>Uranus-Neptune</h3>1649-1821 has Uranus-Neptune as bookends. Thus the period also classifies as 1649Uranus-Neptune1821.<br />...page...<h3>Uranus-Pluto</h3>from 1649 to 1821, Uranus first opposed Pluto; aligned with the same around 1711; opposed Pluto again near the French Revolution in 1792; at 1821 Uranus was upper square Pluto (270;&0176), an indication of the connection to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848">48 Revolution</a> coincident with the Uranus-Pluto alignment of 1850....page...<h3>Divisions Explained</h3>I decided to divide the 1649-1821 into the three divisions for a number of reasons:<br /><ul><li>To illustrate how history follows planetary patterns</li><li>Show how history follows along paths particular to specific outer planet waves</li><li>History follows themes specific to specific outer planet waves</li></ul>...page...<h4>To Illustrate How History Follows Outer Planet patterns</h4>...page...<h4>How History Follows Paths Particular to Specific Outer Planet Waves</h4>...page...<h4>History Follows Themes Specific to Specific Outer Planet Waves</h4>This last task proves to differ slightly from the previous one. The statement: ''''History follows paths particular to specific outer planet waves'''', differs from ''''History follows themes specific to specific outer planet waves'''' in that the last task entails to show what specific outer planet themes history follow.<br />A little analysis shows a definitive connection between science/technology and Uranus-Neptune waves. In particular 1822Uranus-Neptune1992 shows how cardinal developments in both motion technology and electronics match the cardinal points of the Uranus-Neptune wave.<br />The cardinal points (0, 90, 180 and 270 courtesy of dividing an imaginary orbit into quarters) appear in 1822Uranus-Neptune1992 as in regard to electricity:<ul><li>~1822: Faraday and Oerstad produce practical results with electricity</li><li>~1868: Siemens produces practical DC technology; Edison begins experimenting with electricity</li><li>~1905: First radio broadcasts</li><li>~1956-57: Semiconductors prove practical</li><li>~1991-92: The World Wide Web and cell phones begins to reach critical mass</li></ul>The cardinal points (0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees ) appear in 1822Uranus-Neptune1992 as in regard to piston driven motion:<br /><ul><li>~1822: Steam railroads begin to reach practicality</li><li>~1868: Otto begins to manufacture practical internal combustion engines </li><li>~1905: Flight becomes practical</li><li>~1956-57: US builds transcontinental highway system; jet travel becomes practical </li><li>~1991-92: The World Wide Web and cell phones begins to reach critical mass (think of how this impacts all facets of transportation) </li></ul><br /><br />So how does the above relate to 1649-1821? The principles of electricity, motion physics and experimentation planted the tree from which the fruit of the electricity and combustion technology grew. Watt, Otto, Faraday, Edison etal built on the work of Issac Newton (born 1in 1642 and part of the Uranus opposite Pluto/conjunct Neptune, Neptune opposite Neptune generation), his work epitomized the Age of Reason and particularly the first period between 1649 and 1711; his counterpart <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, born in 1646, was also part of this generation. Their work built on Kepler''''s and Galileo''''s (both born near the Uranus-Neptune opposition of 1566). A pattern emerges here. The route to the World Wide Web follows a path directly along the path of Uranus-Neptune waves. Near the 270 degree mark of 1478Uranus-Neptune1650 in 1609 Galileo demonstrated his telescope to Venetian authorities, confirming Kepler''''s mathematical theory, partially published the same year when the latter released his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Kepler">first two laws of planetary motion</a>

{maketoc}The period immediately following the Thirty Years War saw the reality of that conflict hit home across Europe. Of course, the British Isles stayed away from that conflict, but that region had its own issues to address. From north to south, east to west, every region saw major changes that pointed to the future at the expense of the past<h2>Winners and Losers</h2><h3>France</h3><h3>England</h3><h3>Spain</h3><h3>Other Regions</h3><h2>Roots of the French Revolution</h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde">The Fronde</a> appeared as direct result of the Thirty Years War. This revolution among nobility helped Louis XIV cement his position and put in affect all the conditions that led to the French Revolution. Of course, the causes of the uprising numbers to the many, but historians almost universally agree that the circumstances leading to the French outbreak date back to the debt Louis XIV ran up during his reign. The Sun King''''s ability to use the nobles against one another left France in a position wherein no group could challenge the monarchy. At the same time the latter institution had few new ideas or few they could call on to generate them. <h2>The Age of Reason</h2><h2>How to Run a Government<h2><h2>Religion after the Peace</h2><h2> Taxes, Taxes, Taxes</h2><h2>Philosophy: A Rebirth</h2>Until the mid-seventeenth century philosophy could not move past Aristotle, Plato or the Church. The field changed dramatically, however, from Descartes forward. One big difference was the divorce of science from the realms of philosophy to its own independent field. This development fairly well let Philosophy live on its own starting with Hobbes, leading to Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau. <h2>Uranus-Pluto Waves and Revolutions</h2>

Regional Spotlight: Justification, Strategy and Expectations. For every location across the globe the outer planets appeared in the same patterns, yet each area went through 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 in different ways. One might expect that with the same astrological patterns would provide the same historical patterns, but rudimentary analysis shows that each region evolved at its own unique pace. How to resolve this seeming discrepancy justifies publishing Regional Spotlights. As it turns out, how each region evolved depends much on conditions on the ground at the onset of an outer planet wave. For instance, at the conjunction or seed moment of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892, Spain and England maintained similar but divergent conditions. These circumstances continued to diverge as each approached the first critical development point around 1572. At that time, Spain continued to face bankruptcy while continuing to amass huge debt. Simultaneously, England struggled with its conversion to a Protestant state and its late entry into overseas enterprises. Why England prospered and Spain faltered from this point forward had much to do with seed-moment conditions and prevailing attitudes thereafter. Spain began the 492 year period with poor soil, contradictory national interests, a deficient educational base and terrain difficult for commercial trade. In comparison, England had a relatively abundant agricultural base, national interests that would rally behind a strong monarchy, and a trading system that showed maturity relative to the Spanish. For these reasons, England would evolve into Britain and by far surpass the Spanish empire in political influence and wealth. This despite the billions in gold and silver that slipped through the Spanish treasury. Thus, in the long run these discrepancies spark the need for the Regional Spotlight....page...<h2>

General Assessment</h2>This section summarizes the historical significance of the given region for 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. ...page...<h2>1399-1571, Conjunction to Lower Square</h2><h3>Seed Moment to Accumulative Critical Development Point</h3>Think of the time between seed-moment equivalent to time between birth and seven years for the human child. As a baby enters the world, s/he bristles with potential and comes burdened with legacies. Possibilities abound but can go as far as ones built ...page...

{maketoc}<em>1648</em> covers the period between the beginning of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 to its half-point in other ways by speaking of it in terms of the 1398-1571 and 1572-1648 quarters. Nonetheless, looking each half as a unit helps expand our perspective.<h2>Connecting the dots</h2> Outer planet positions at 1571, the half-point of the this first half reveals much. Here we The Netherlands battling for its independence from Spain; Spain at war with France by its support in the French Religious Wars; in the German regions growing Calvinism was undermining the 1555 Peace of Augustus; in the British Isles, its most popular queen struggled to unite the country behind its state religion. The Church, formerly undisputed uniter, unknowingly laid a path to a diminished status by refusing reform of the Council of Trent.<br />Economically, Spain''''s flood of American bullion created an inflation that would undermine its empire and push Europe toward greater mercantile stance. And despite the enmity across the region, Europeans managed to defeat Turks at the battle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29">The Battle of Lepanto</a>, a sign of a shift to full Christian control of the Mediterranean. Altogether, Europe had turned a corner, but did not realize it had. <strong>Religious Hopes, Economic Realities >>>>></strong>...page...<h2>Religious Hopes, Economic Realities</h2>The activities of the 1570s were couched in religiosity, but the bottom-line should not be ignored. The Hapsburghs used Spanish wealth to control religious worship, but all knew where the economic fault-lines lay. The Dutch, who championed Calvinism, cared more about controlling its growing mercantile empire. While the French conflict centered around Hugenism, one should not neglect that a struggle between two powerful families, as well as one for the throne, underlay their religious wars. The English cursed the Spanish for their allegiance to devil Pope, but their envy of Spanish overseas territory should not be discounted. Taken altogether, we can see that the ostensibly religious issue proved to cover more than about how people worshiped. <br />How Europeans in this medieval period conducted their lives has much to do with the intermingling of religion with almost everything else. The Church could be found at every level in all aspects of life . In every way, all, from peasant to king, had to meet approval of ecclesiastic authorities. Though Henry VIII''''s conflict with Rome seemed to revolve around divorce, but true motivation should be seen in the throne''''s ongoing seizure of Church property. Jurisdictions of all kinds often had the duty of collection of tithes for local churches. Thus, monarchs not only saw sums under their oversight pay for Church property, they had to collect the fees, along with taxes for their interests. Separation from the Church could have benefits. This realization goes back to the beginning of 1399Neptune-0-Pluto1892 and its root in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism">Great Western Schism.</a><br /><strong>Great Western Schism: Foundations of the Reformation >>>>>></strong>...page...<h2>Great Western Schism: Foundations of the Reformation</h2>Choosing the wrong Pope often had dramatic consequences during the Great Western Schism. Conducting affairs across or within borders often required Church sanction. Doing business with the wrong side could lead to excommunication, tantamount to losing ones license to do business. With English parties in an ongoing war with French ones, one can see who would oppose the Avignon designee. Remember as well that Italian city states constantly switched alliances, providing a dizzying array of who backed which pontiff at which time. Combine this matrix with the growing trade around Europe and one can easily the imagine the confusion among those contacting trade or politics at the time. <br />In addition to these factors comes the mindset of the Church early XIVth century. The head of the Church had turned into a political office that had God on its side. Keep in mind that a Medici became Pope during the XVth after securing its role as banker to the Pope''''s political machine. Getting a family member named as pontiff produced endless benefits. A monarch with a Pope in his pocket could award positions of great influence and wealth. This could be seen in Spain''''s and Portugal''''s rewards in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas.</a> This condition persisted throughout the first half of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892, leading to Luther and his <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_95_Theses">95 Theses</a></em> culminating in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_years_war">Thirty Years War.</a> By the Church concentrating on secular affairs, it blurred the line of authority and gave cause for all segments of the population to find their own path to God.<br /><strong>The Printing Press Effect >>>></strong>...page...<h2>The Printing Press Effect</h2>When Gutenberg printed his Bible, he did so to meet growing demand. The desire for literature grew through XVth century. Works written in the vernacular began to appear. Handwritten work took years to complete. Ironically, the printing of the Bible led to an important end to a Church monopoly: distribution of the written word. Luther''''s work would have meant little without the ability to mass produce his work. Not only could work reach a wider audience, but it could do so in the vernacular. Here we see two losses: language and content. Translations from Greek and Latin began to appear over time. With increased access came growing literacy. People wanted more than religious text, leading more down the road to secularism. The perfection of movable type technology constitutes one of the pillars of the modern and postmodern worlds. Its foundation during this half of this Neptune-Pluto wave span represents one the great leaps forward in human development, ranking with the development of writing itself.<h3>Infrastructure</h3>The printing press requires a good deal of capital to operate, but one often worth the risk. That Gutenberg found himself in debt to German bankers tells much. A press requires many supplies:paper, ink, metal; skill: engineering, maintenance. proficiency; marketing: one must have a demand to meet; location: space and access to market. But it also provides advantages: the ability to distribute information, uniformly and quickly; education of the populace; the ability to control information; the ability to reach across all types of markets. As we have seen already, the Reformation finds its roots in the printing press. Without, printing the Bible in local languages would have proved moot.<br />The Scientific Revolution also owed much to Gutenberg. Copernicus knew the implications of releasing his seminal work in book form, waiting until near his death (1543) to release it. Aristotle, Plato and Descartes appeared in various languages inspiring the spread of ideas across the region. With a wider audience, the more weight ideas held.<br />Commerce also owes much to the press. The riches offered by ocean ventures reached interested audiences with increasing accuracy.

The three most outer planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto all aligned in various configurations throughout the 1390s as a new Neptune-Pluto wave loomed. The outer planets do not often align relative to one another as they did during that decade. How history and the outer planets mirrored one another reaches the light of day here.

Uranus moved into opposition (180 degree relationship) of Neptune around 1391 before opposing Pluto in 1394. These configurations make it part of the Neptune-Pluto alignment of 1398-1399. Taken altogether these planetary actions should be seen as a unit. Does seeing these as a whole, tell us anything about the 1390s? The short is: plenty.

Iberia, both Spain and Portugal, influenced much throughout 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. At the end, however, both nations had much less clout than most of Europe despite having literally mined millions in bullion and having a head start on international trade. How and why this happened illustrates how outer planet patterns mirror history differently according to national circumstance.<br />What becomes clear the more we delve into this Iberian Spotlight his that not only does history mirror outer planet activity but it does so specific to region. That at each of the cardinal points, 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 degrees each region shows different levels of change stands out for its significance and utility. During the 1560s, for instance, from the distance of history Spain took obvious missteps that obviated their superior position. At that time they should have centralized the treasury and their administration. Instead, their focus on saving Christianity and empire helped untold wealth move through their economy at little benefit to them....page...<h2>1399-1571</h2>

From the beginning of the 1398 Neptune-Pluto wave to its first cardinal point (Neptune-90-Pluto-1571) Spain rose to its apex. But within its success lay the cause of its ultimate fall. How Spain went from a second rate system to dominating and initiating its decline within the first quarter wave tells us much about both Iberia and how to interpret history according to outer planet waves.<br />Spain, and in many cases the Portuguese case is the same, never fully established a united nationality. This fact displays why Spain never developed the cohesive systems other nations built. Her circumstance matches that of Germany and Italy in this respect, this comparison being verified by the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s; the World Wars and this conflict have much to do with the late national unification relative to other European states. Because Charles and Philip directed Spanish resources to other than Spanish concerns, Spain never matched the focus and capital of her rivals, Britain and France in particular. This does not mean that the parties acted wrongly. Indeed, Spanish authorities, Casitilian to more specific, acted to the best of their ability based on established knowledge. Given the same circumstance, many of the other immature governments of the time could have fallen to the same errors. The massive bullion influx represents an unforeseen circumstance no government before since has likely faced. <h3>Christians, Islams and Jews</h3>Why and how Spain and Portugal marched through 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 is colored with <em>La Reconquista</em>, the seven century effort by Christians to dominate the Iberian peninsula. Though Christian "victory" lay more at the hand of Islamic infighting, the effort served to give the Spanish some identity. In reality, Spain still consisted of Castile and Aragon and other regions who held their interests over that of the peninsula. Nonetheless, the Spanish imagination still pervaded enough to unite some behind the crown. in the long run, much of this was an illusion, even to the Spanish.<br />To the level that ethno-religious differences dominated the Iberian mind can be seen by the role the Inquisition played. On its surface the institution intended to purify society of psuedo-Christians of either the Islamic or Jewish variety. Deeper down the Inquisition served as a means to gain wealth and property; as a unifying tool/control mechanism; and as an industry of the Church. Seen from our late perspective the energy expounded toward the institution could have better served educational or community needs--justification for inquisition entailed book-length submissions to the court. The ability was there, but the focus lay on the inconsequential tasks. In the end, however, this clue gives us an idea why the situation headed in the direction it did....page...<h3>Ventures Overseas</h3>...page...<h4>The Caravelle</h4>...page...<h3>Spain Deconstructed</h3>...page...<h3>All That Gold & Silver</h3>From the beginning the Iberian thirst for gold and silver drove men to risk all. Ironically, that these dreams came true ultimately accelerated a fall from grace.<br /><div class="bitbox">Include quote here from Empire about "bank boats"</div><br />This common occurrence shows the effect of Spain using its wealth to its detriment. In truth, the decision lay with Charles and Philip, but it is Spain that paid the price. The damage came in a few forms:Inflation that came from the influx of bullion; the bullions use as collateral for usurious loans; the constant supply of money prevented the monarchy from implementing reforms.<br />Inflation raised the price Charles and Philip paid for everything. This magnified another problem of the arrangement: the Castilian monarchy had little interest or incentive to build local industry. Because of this oversight Charles and Phillip had to purchase goods from abroad from vendors who had little cause to charge anything but the highest price. In turn these procurements had a twofold affect. First, it helped fund industry in other nations and it left Spain far behind in the race for capital and industry....page...<h2>1572-1648</h2>This section covers how both Spain and Portugal took a direction that failed them and enabled her neighbors to surpass their power and impede on their territorial advantage...page...<h2>1649-1821</h2>At the end of the Thirty Years Spanish soldiers continued to do battle. Fifty years later, the French overtook the Spanish throne. To the Bourbons amazement, Spain had virtually no administration, no local defenses and only a shallow hold on their overseas territories. Across Europe, Spain proved as equally unprepared for the modern world as eastern Europe. What proves most surprising here is the illusion of power Spain held across Europe.<br />From 1648 forward Spain and Portugal fell further and further behind the rest of Europe. Despite having a pioneer''''s advantage in offshore resources, neither "nation" ended in the top tier of world powers. Clearly, the initial conditions at 1399Neptune-0-Pluto1892 led to Iberia''''s inability to adapt to changing conditions. ...page...<h3>Fall From Grace</h3>...page...<h2>1822-1892</h2><h3>The Poor Man of Europe</h3><h3>South American Independence</h3>...page...<h2>Conclusions</h2>Both Spain and Portugal show that how a polity stands at the seed moment of a wave has much to do with how its history proceeds during a wave. Iberia''''s war-centered, disjointed culture kept it from seeing the opportunities, particularly England and France, acknowledged and pursued. Despite having a substantial headstart in overseas ventures and an almost endless treasury the peninsula could never overcome some of its inherent weaknesses.<br /><br /><ul><li>Low levels of education</li><li>Poor soil</li><li>A government tuned toward dynasty rather than statehood</li><li>Poor focus on local needs</li><li> An inability or desire to handle change</li></ul><br /><br />

{maketoc}The period between 1339 and 1571 represents the time between Neptune''''s movement from a ((conjunction)) (0/360 degree relationship) and to a ((lower square)) (90 degree relationship) with Pluto. As such it see it has the first quarter of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. Close examination shows that this period defined all the issues of the entire ((Neptune-Pluto)) wave and that outer planet transits of the time closely mirror how history played out. The full historical and astrological layout appears in ((1398-1571: The Medieval World at its Height)), but gain much by briefly defining what happened during this opening quarter.<h2>1390s: Converging Circumstances and Outer Planet Activity</h2>In Europe, the XIVth century proceeded from brutality to brutality. Too large economies, England and France waged war with one another from about the 1330s forward. Peasant uprisings over food shortages (there were many) met with cruel suppression. Partially as a result of famine, poor weather, partially as a result of increased contact with the East, Europe suffered through the Black Death. Some ares lost as much as 50% of their population. Underlying all of this, the Church, the most ubiquitous and unifying institution throughout the region came under what many viewed as French captivity, symbolized by the nuncio''''s move to Avignon. As the century ended and the Neptune-Pluto conjunction loomed each of these developments, along with others mentioned soon, set the stage for next hundred years and the 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 in its entirety. The Hundred Years War pushed both England and France toward nationalism, a recurring them throughout the 492 year wave. The Plague put labor in demand, forcing landlords and employers to grant more freedoms. Most importantly, the Church found itself split into factions backing different Popes--three at one point. This religious theme represents perhaps the key event of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892, even prescribing situations down to our time. Because the Church failed to adequately address its hypocrisies, it left the door open for replacement. At 1648, we can easily see a reflection of the time near 1398 and the result. From 1648 forward the Church no longer played the political role it had for near a millennium, leaving the door open for one the greatest leaps forward in understanding. Among the outer planets, all of these developments reflect the changing reality at every turn.<br /><br /><strong> The Outer Planets and the 1390s >>>>>></strong>...page...<h2>The Outer Planets and the 1390s</h2>In convergence with the Neptune-Pluto conjunction that began ((1399Neptune-Pluto1892)), Uranus opposed Neptune and then Pluto. We can write this as ((1308Uranus-180-Neptune1478)), ((1346Uranus-180-Pluto1455)) and ((1399Neptune-0-Pluto1892)) (or ((906Neptune-360-Pluto1398)). This equation connects us to 1308 and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (or Babylonian Captivity), 1346 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death">Blaclk Death</a> and even 906, the time the French granted land to the Normans, initiating the English claim to French soil. This configuration also connects to 1455--((1346Uranus-Pluto1455))--the end of Hundred Years War, the Gutenberg Bible and the Fall of Constantinople. And again to 1478, the height of the Renaissance, the establishment of the Netherlands and the foundations of the Inquisition. A graphic representation of he outer planets in the 1390s appears below:<br /><br /><img src= width= height= align= desc= ><br /><br />Stepping forward to 1648, we see a similar pattern. 1598Uranus-180-Pluto1708, 1478Uranus-360-Neptune1648 (or 1649Uranus-0-Neptune1821) and 1399Neptune-180-Pluto1892. At this time we see the effect of the papal schism, how the nationalism rooted in Hundred Years led to strong monarchies in France and England and emerging role of those from all classes throughout European society.<br /><br /><img src= width= height= align= desc= ><br /><br />In between around 1571 we get 1455Uranus-270-1597, 1478Uranus-180-Neptune1649 and 1399Neptune-90-Pluto1892. At that time Protestantism had grown from the root of Rome''''s transgressions, the Church moved away from genuine reform and the both the French monarchies faced critical struggles related to the religious turmoil of the time. These outer planet positions appear below:<br /><br /><img src= width= height= align= desc= ><br /><br />In addition, we can easily see in all these periods between the Renaissance (Petrarch introduced the term around 1305), overseas discoveries and the rise and fall of the Spanish (and to a lesser degree Portuguese) Empire. Iberia''''s foreign adventures came from through the combined impetus of the Portuguese who perfected ocean-going fishing vessels into the <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/caravelle">Avignon Papacy</a></em> during the mid XIVth century and through the mindset of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_reconquista">La Reconquista.</a> These observations reach greater poignancy when we assess the combined effect of the printing press, the Renaissance and overseas commerce....page...<h2>The Axial Age, 1398, 1571 and 1648</h2><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_Age">The Axial Age</a> brought the world both revealed religions and the first steps to secularism. 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 featured a crisis among revealed religions that led to a widespread adoption of secularism. At the dawn of the Axial Age the three outer planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto came together for the only time in history triple conjunction. At 1648 all three of these planets stood in important quadrate alignments, as they did at 1398, 1571 (and 1821), a condition that only repeats during a few Neptune-Pluto waves. Altogether this points to conditions at the beginning of the wave near 1398 setting up those around 1648. In addition these conditions relate to the Axial Age in regard to their positions throughout 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 and the 576bce conjunction.<br />One thing that the Age of Reason that proves certain revolves around the dual issues of the time. Philosophy of the time relied heavily on St. Augustine and Plato. Often times philosophers attempted to prove the logical existence of God. At the same time, Copernicus through Kepler brought doubt to both Church and Platonist doctrine. But without all three conditions present, the move beyond Medieval could not follow the trajectory it did. The conditions that led to the Age of Reason and that all came after can be seen as being in place at 1399Neptune-0-Pluto1892 (with all of the attending outer planet alignments) and a foundation for what happened from the mid-XVIIth century forward. Had the Church not continued to ignore the need to reform, the Hundred Years stopped as many wanted at the time and other factors not been in place, the Age of Reason would have occurred (if at all). I understand that the "if-not" argument is a spurious one, but the central point comes with understanding how the outer planets mirror how historical developments relate to one another across time....page...<h2>1399-1571: More Definitions</h2><h3>Uranus conjunct Pluto: 1455</h3>1455, the time around 1455Uranus-0-Pluto1598 points to another critical time between 1399-1571 . The Hundred Years War had recently ended; Constantinople had recently fell and the Gutenberg bible made its first appearance. All three events relate to the time near 1648. The War of the Roses led to the Tudors and the Stuarts, the latter bringing us to Hobbes. The Age of Reason, of course, lived off the printed word. The Fall of Constantinople brought scholars familiar with the ancient texts, fueling the questions about Plato, Aristotle and the rest.<h3>Neptune lower Sextile: 1460-1540</h3>Because Pluto orbits the sun in a lopsided fashion its transits to other planets contain certain anomalies. In the case of Neptune and Pluto this results in multi-decade transits between the two. Sometimes these were 90 degree relationships between the two, but during 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 we saw a lower sextile (60 degree relationship) between 1460 and 1542 and upper trine (240 degree relationship) between 1708 and 1780. More about the former appears elsewhere in this work, but we should note that the 60 and 240 periods appear related. 1460 to 1540 represents the height of the European Renaissance, while 1708 to 1780 mostly equates to the Enlightenment. Without much argument one can easily see that the former laid the roots for the latter.<h3>Uranus opposite Pluto: 1543</h3>Here we see the complete separation of England and Rome and the Publication of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a>. Both of these events indicate movement passed the point of no return

<h1>Regional Spotlight: British Isles</h1><h2>General Assessment</h2>England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales at first blush might seem poor candidates if assessed for the future at 1399Neptune-0-Pluto1892. Its communities, while hardy, did not seem prepared to rule the world as would eventually be the case in the XIXth century. How this became reality represents a major thread of the history on the years on either side of 1648. At all four cardinal points 1398, 1572, 1649 and 1822, England, soon to be Britain moved through these critical junctures in ways consistent with astrological assumptions. The way the Isles changed near these outer planet turning points reveals much about both astrology and the British Isles.<br />Much of British history extends from the root of the Hundred Years War. Because of the conflict the area went from an island with ties to France to a region that needed that had to look inward to its power. One advantage that it continued to cultivate was Ireland that England used as colonial proving ground and source of reliable income. But from the beginning of the 1399Neptune-Pluto1892, England, which served as a model for many, had too strong institutions that proved critical to success down the line: Parliament and Monarchy. ...page...<h2>1399-1571, Conjunction to Lower Square</h2>England went from remote entity at the edge of Europe to major player during the first quarter of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. Its move from strength to strength proves the value of strong foundation when it comes to becoming a nation. England would go onto unite the Isles that she dominated at the beginning at the XIVth century. How this happened has much to do with the strong position from which it started. Despite its ongoing involvement in a protracted war it would go on to lose, an unpopular king and a questioning religious population, England would emerge as strong force around 1572. By no means should it be considered the strongest economy or political force at the time, but it put itself in position to excel despite going on to execute a king and lose a valuable overseas colony. <h3>Hundred Years War</h3><h3>War of the Roses</h3>...page...<h3>The Tudors</h3>...page...<h3>Divorce from the Church</h3>Secular versus clerical control of government and primogeniture came to the forefront with the birth of the Anglican Church. Its occurrence near 1455Uranus-180-Pluto1598 proves significant. 1455, at the Uranus-Pluto conjunction, represents the end of the Hundred Years War and the beginning of the War of the Roses, two events that shaped the English crown and the shape of the British Isles. The next Uranus-Pluto alignment around 1600 points to end of Elizabeth''''s reign and the onset of Stuart dynasty. The role of religion stood out as a theme throughout all of 1455Uranus-180-Pluto1598. <br />That control of the Church can be seen through two observations. Those that managed to bring religion under state control. Britain, France and the Netherlands ended up as top European competitors through much of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. ...page...<h2>1572-1648</h2>...page...<h2>1649-1821</h2>English events shape the views of modern humans down to our time. Hobbes'''' <em>((Levithan))</em> and ((Locke))''''s work shaped the philosophical discussion for much of the modern period. Their efforts can be seen as a response to the English Civil War. So too could that be said much of British/nee English politics and, by extension, European politics through our time. The conflict made clear that a collective body, the Parliament could unite under law to act as political force. Over the long run it also established the need for an executive force. Yes, the Parliament proved its mettle, but it knew to establish its power in complement with the monarchy. Seeing as Britain served as one of the first and most visible models of modern government, its influence had to be noticed around the world.<h4>Uranus, Pluto and the British Isles</h4>Trace the Uranus-Pluto wave back to the 1340s and the story of the British Isles repeats as a theme. 1455Uranus-1598Pluto featured the triumph of the English monarchy, 1599Uranus-Pluto1710 saw the transition to the British Commonwealth. 1711Uranus-Pluto1850 saw Britain become the preeminent power across the globe, with varying consequences for all. 1851Uranus-Pluto1966 saw British influence grow but do so in the shadow of its American offspring. Either way, Uranus and Pluto show up as prominent feature of the region''''s outer planet history.</br >This is confirmed in other ways. The 1390s 1346Uranus-180-Pluto1455 period featured a fundamental piece of English history. Here we see that the monarch''''s hold on power could prove tenuous. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Second_crisis_of_1397.E2.80.9399_and_Richard.27s_deposition">Richard II</a> lost power in part through the influence of the Parliament, which accused him of certain crimes and committed him to the tower of London. At 1455Uranus-180-Pluto1598, Henry VIIIs seizure of Church power stood in full process; 1599Uranus-180-Pluto1711, the British Isles had turned into a sometimes bloody experiment on establishing modern government during the 1640s. 1711Uranus-180-Pluto1850 around 1792 saw Britain become the anchor to which the rest of Europe often looked in light of French conquest. This episode helped Britain gain a firm grasp on the sea power that lay out the foundation of its incredible hold on power. At 1851Uranus-180-Pluto1902 the limit to Britain''''s power began to show as other nations began to eclipse its industrial dominance.<br /> I have yet to complete this line of research but these initial observations point to a strong case of Uranus-Pluto showing up as constant theme in Britain''''s outer planet history. Uranus-Pluto associations for Britain going back to the early Middle Ages will be an interesting experience. What happens to Britain around 2050, the next Uranus-Pluto will also be interesting to follow.<h3> A King Beheaded</h3><h3>Glorious Revolution</h3><h3>A Kingdom Unites</h3><h3>Glorious Revolution</h3><h3>A Kingdom Unites</h3><h3>Revolutions</h3><h4>Agriculture</h4><h4>America</h4><h4>France</h4><h4>Industry</h4><h3>An End to War</h3>...page...<h2>1822-1892</h2><h3>Industrial Might</h3><h3>No Sunset</h3>...page...<h2>Conclusions</h2>

The 1560s ranks as a tumultuous decade. From the French Wars of Religion to
\r\nSpain''s folly, The Union of Lublin, to the beginning of the 80 years
\r\nwar, to England''s entry into piracy and the dramatic Battle of
\r\nLepanto (1571) the mid 1560s to early 1570s included much drama. The
\r\nastrological transits mirror the furor that overtook Europe.

Globalization: Step One

In Europe the 1560s involved every nation
\r\nmoving through critical stages that laid important foundations for
\r\nthe future. Mostly without self-knowledge, every aspect of life on
\r\nthe in the area underwent fundamental change. Events had been set in
\r\nmotion that would soon accelerate all circumstances. By the 1560s
\r\nsilver, thanks to Spanish mines, had circumvented the planet; the
\r\nChinese commoner preferred it over it "official" paper.
\r\nAlong with currency, new foods and spices changed what was planted,
\r\nhow people ate and what they traded for; produce likely equaled the
\r\nvalue of other more ostensibly desirable commodities. The world had
\r\nchanged for good. Along with trade, religion steered down a path
\r\nof no return. By 1555 Lutheranism had been accepted after years of conflict, but the fight over other forms of Protestanism continued with ever more vigor. With the
\r\nFrench Wars of Religion two central powers of the time, Spain and France, struggled against one another on top of their more direct conflicts. Spain, desperate for funds, misstepped its way into an Eighty-Years War with its "possession", the Netherlands.
\r\nEngland, of course, had its own religious issues, some that involved its island neighbors. Importantly, it had developed the framework for a strong monarchy, a development that both moved it forward, but into an ultimately explosive circumstance less than a century later.
\r\n

The upheaval detailed above fits the
\r\nouter planet configuration of the time. Neptune at lower square
\r\n(90Â°) to Pluto (and its position around 1398) points to a
\r\ntime of critical decision. In the form of a wave (seen below), the
\r\nNeptune-Pluto wave of 1398 -1892 changes direction.
\r\n<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="%5C%22http://mundaneastrology.net/essential/images/neppluwave.png%5C%22" NAME="graphics4" ALT=""1398" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=71 HEIGHT=35 BORDER=0>
\r\n<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">Turning points are part of life and
\r\nhistory. We often see situations where when all elements are tallied,
\r\nchange must occur. In Europe, the unifying element of Christianity
\r\ncollided with the needs of a growing population. Certainly, the
\r\nCatholic Church is open to criticism for how it handled its
\r\nrelationship with the people, but we should seriously doubt that an
\r\norganization could administer all it did forever. The Church
\r\nintermixed with all aspects of everyones lives. From politics, to
\r\nhealth-care, education, taxes, diplomacy and morality, Rome dealt
\r\nwith them all. By the 1560s events set in motion had passed a point
\r\nof containment though few knew it at the time.

Blog covering issues surrounding the authoring and publication of titles in the Measuring History Series

Measuring history via the outer planets is a really obscure exercise, one that few people know of. The few who do know, likely have heard of it through me. This blog deals with the hows, wheres and whys of this exercise. How to move this field to the shelves of libraries around the globe is an exciting intellectual exercise readers will be able to witness.

{maketoc}<h1>Regional Spotlight: Eastern Europe</h1><h2>General Assessment</h2>The territories in Eastern Europe consisted of regions far different than we know them now. In general, the region came under the domination of the Hapsburghs, and the Ottomans through the early portion of 1399Neptune-Pluto. Poland found itself more connected with Lithuania, though it also found itself in some conflict with German knights at the beginning of the XVth century.<br />Mostly, however, the eastern story begins with Byzantium. The western Church had been ascendant at least since the beginning of the Late Middle Ages, Neither the eastern or western Church could reconcile differences initiated at the Great Western Schism near the first quarter of 906Neptune-Pluto1398. As time moved forward western secular interests became more important than uniting east and west. With the Turks at Constantinople''''s doorstep, the west only offered token support....page...<h2>1399-1571, Conjunction to Lower Square</h2><h3>Seed Moment to Accumulative Critical Development Point</h3>This portion of 1399 started with growing Turkish attempts to usurp European neighbors. In conjunction with these, Byzantium continued to decline, inspiring little help from the west. With its fall in 1453, Ottoman power filled the vacuum, setting up the history of the Baltics and the eastern Mediterranean for much of 1399Neptune-Pluto1892. By 1572 Turkish power had begun to wane, but few knew this condition to be true. One indication did come at the ((Battle of Lepanto)) when a pan-European Christian force defeated a Turkish armada and thus took control of the Eastern Mediterranean....page...<h2>1572-1648</h2><h3>Accumulative Critical Development Point to Full Theme Recognition</h3>...page...<h2>1649-1821</h2><h3>Full Theme Recognition to Disseminating Critical Development Point</h3>This period features all types of changes that set the framework of Europe down to our time. From 1399Neptune-180-Pluto 1892 forward, Russia increasingly grew as power in Eastern Europe and in Europe in general. As one consequence, Poland found that it could no longer compete as national entity: by 1795 Poland ceased to exist. Russia and, to ...page...<h2>1822-1892</h2><h3>Disseminating Critical Development Point to Seed Moment</h3>...page...<h2>Conclusions</h2>

Why Measure History?

No matter how much we try history turns subjective. It always includes gaps and open arguments that historians must work around. The victors get to write history, of course, but the victorous often fall. Whatever the reason, a method to see history objectively provides many benefits. Some of these jump immediately to mind, but one that offers a completely different view of the past and future and one I never thought of finding.

History as One

How to Measure History

Measuring History, The Series

At this juncture, mid to late 2008, I plan on publishing a series of history title that include an astrological viewpoint. My experience shows that the Primer and ((1648)) only touch on the options measuriing history via the planets offer. Part of the learning process can only come by gauging reaction and comments after publication. One of the major hurdles I face in writing these works comes with what to omit. I purposely left many topics for later and others require deeper research. These reasons alone provide more than enough to cover other ages than the first two planned titles.

Mr. Tarnas'' excellent work ((Cosmos and Psyche)) covers the same topic from a more philosophical viewpoint, generally covering a period from the ((Axial Age)) through the mid-XXI century, in about 500 pages. His work, while covering much territory, still omits quite a bit worth mentioning. I will choose to not cover topics he does. Neither he or ((Palden Jenkins)) give much attention to times before about 600bce. But their approaches are different, seeking different goals. My work proves with great ease that historical tipping points coincide with those found through history. Each ((Outer Planet Wave)) includes internal landmarks that follow expected patterns. Each one of these matches provides easy comparison to similar ones across time. I believe we cannot yet know to the extent this method will take us; I discover new insights repeatedly after seven years. Yet I am sure that not only my eyes can see the picture painted here. What you see here is an offering to add to an embellish this task.

Expectations

Measurement Strategy

Why Relationships Are Important

Both history and astrology revolve around relationships, the former trys to see how the past relates to the present and how various cultures relate to one another. Astrology tells us our relation to time by defining our position in the universe. In essence, measuring history eliminates a step by integrating astrological interpretation into the telling of history. The practice measures our relationship through using a predictable metaphor. How planets interact with one another, the angles planets make with one another, point to the same reason that we exist and can use the abiltity to predict their positions in the future. If our solar system turned out only sanglelighty differently, our very existence could not be gauranteed. Astrology and by extension measuring history essentially concentrates on how planets relate to one another cross time and attempts to interpret into useful observations and applications.

Angles & Aspects

The angles we speak of here occur across the ecliptic plane. Planets also make angles of decelanation in relation to the x-axis represented by the same plane, but these mean little to us. The angles that Measuring History finds most useful are the ones that display our moon in phases. The moon moves in the same manner as every planet (our moon is considered a planet in astrology) does in our solar system. Indeed, the lunar characteristics of waxing and waning apply throughout our solar system and extends to our lives. These angles go back to the basics and relate to our us through simple numerology.

Angles of Arc

To represent planetary orbits and the cycles of life, astrology employs a circular metaphor. A circle does not truly depict planetary orbits since these because of their elliptical nature. Indeed, we need remember that astrology tries to represent our position in the universe from our perspective. Circles, angles and later, waves all use metaphors to describe our place in time.

A circle contains 360 degrees and astrology uses every one of them. It represents planetary orbit and cycles in time. It also represents the whole, the complete being. Since the angles of arc make up the circle, they stand for parts of the whole, ones that relate to one another part of the entire being or experience. For this reason these angles are known as aspects. Aspects must describe a person, system or cycle, and does not describe anything separate from the whole. In the same light, any aspect acts in relation to every other aspect and we should assess it in relation to every aspect that makes up the whole. This advice will make sense over the next few paragraphs.

Waxing and Waning

Whether we move toward or way from something matters quite a bit. Moving toward a goal has different connotations than moving on to a new life. Though in some ways moving toward also requires a moving away but overall direction dictates intention. The best illustration of this we see with the lunar cycle. From ((New Moon)) to ((Full Moon)) the moon moves to full; from Full Moon to New it moves away from light. Of course, we could reverse the goals but the dynamic remains the same. This concept introduces the complementary concept of yin and yang that permeates our lives. Light and dark, hot and cold, female and male all represent complementary compenents that act indendently yet require the other to complete the whole. In the case of the lunar cycle the whole stands for the entire cycle, during which we have a moving to light phase (waxing) and a moving away one (waning). Notice too the reflective characteristics of the lunar month; the Full Moon is the opposite of the New Moon as the ((First Quarter Moon)) reflects the ((Last Quarter Moon)). This gives us the ability to compare one side of the other, while at the same time keeping the unique nature each side carries in comparison to the other.

Outgoing or Waxing Aspects

Both the outgoing and incoming aspects listed below appear in order of importance to mundane astrology. No apect is stronger than another, but some prove easier to read. Their ranking here is based on the desire for clarity.

Outgoing aspects get the descriptor ''lower'' from the ways astrologers read charts. From the east side of the chart on the left (charts reflect the sky and are seen in reverse like a mirror) moving toward the bottom around the circle thus puting any aspects below the horizon in the ''lower'' portion, versus the ''upper'' portion on the top.

Incoming or Waning Angles

Aspects at Work and Play

This topic gets more coverage below but warrants some mention here. An aspect needs not reach exactness for it be valid. In ((birth charts)) and ((national charts)) aspects between planets other than the Sun or Moon within 6° are close enough to be in aspect. Aspects between the Sun and Moon and another planet within 8° are considered valid; 10° works between the Sun and Moon.

When ''helper planets'' fall into common aspect with another planet, all three planets fall into aspect. If planet A and planet B are not quite in aspect, but planet A and planet C are in inspect and planet B and C are in aspect then planet A falls into aspect with planet B.

Transits

Transits translate to aspects in action. They can occur between two or more planets moving in relation to each other or they also prove useful in relaition to static charts such as natal or national ones.

Tolerances and Orbs

Separation and Application

Major Transits

Minor Transits

Planetary Interactions

''Helper'' Planets and Midpoints

As hinted above, other planets can trigger aspects, extending a transits lifetime by a few years. Of course, this is an illusion since the planets do not compell us to act. Nonetheless, the mapping we will move onto shows that history does mirror planetary interactions. The text in this section best applies to ((The Outer Planets and the Onset of WWI: A Visual Guide)) and similar exercises in ((1648)).

Planet in Signs

Wave Patterns - An Introduction

What are Planet Waves?

Planet Wave Naming Structure

Four Corners

We arrive at quadrate alignments when we divide any cycle by four. These divisions match ones that we see and use all of our lives. Businesses use quarters to gauge performance. We schedule our years in accordance to the four seasons. Each month we see four phases of the moon. As it turns out these divisions by four works out as valuable measuring device across time. The quadrate model used here comes directly from nature. We simply are looking for metaphors to reflect this reality and seeing how they extend to longer-range models.

Change of Direction

The metaphor we see does more than equate to these quarterly measurements. Human life equals change and how well a human or a collective deals with change reveals conditions all along the way. Both models used here, the wave and a circle both clearly depict that conditional change appears at four points along the way.

The Wave Model

Universality makes this model a cogent one. It works for lunar cycles as seen below:

On the next page we will uncover how the quadrate works in real life across time

Saturn''s year covers approximately twenty-nine and half earth years. This time span closely matches the human development cycle: in general human metabolic rates peak about this age. In social terms, a Saturn cycle equals a human generation no matter the historical period making it a useful measuring device. Beyond matching human generations, Saturn''s connection to humanity helps us see why quadrate alignments make great measuring tools and how we can apply to all aspects of social study.

Using the same scale as before we can segment Saturn''s orbit into the following wave quadrants. This list will also include generalities based on ages.

This stretch equates to ages between birth and seven years. Any child development expert would agree that these years prove critical in how a child moves forward in life. Most pertinent to our study how well a child adjusts at the second quadrate alignment (age seven/90°) ties into many factors found at the first. Social status, parental health, mental and physical, originating environment and many other factors found at birth go a long in determining how a child handles the transition around school age.

This stretch from what school age to puberty of course was seen differently in hunter gatherer societies , for instance, but the dynamic still applies; at this age a child must be less dependent on parents and showing progress. But school age makes more sense to us.

Around seven children move from under their parents'' wings. Again how well they adjust depends on the previous stage, and will test both the children and the parents. More and more children gain independence but still fall under parental responsibility. The challenges grow especially as sexual hormones become a factor.

As the wave crosses the x-axis the child reaches puberty bringing up new issues. Obviously these will vary for boys and girls (going back to the reality set at birth (0°). For women menstruation and pregnancy arise. For young men hormones and confusion reign. Parents must deal with these in the best possible while also facing growing independence. The now teenager must also begin to make his or her plans for the future, all of course dependent on social mores and expectations--in Middle Age societies this planning fell to parents who arranged marriages, in the USA teenagers looking to enroll in college must consider a plethora of factors including outside activities as well as grades. Most important to remember here is that the former child now takes on her/his lifelong appearance and behavior though the march to adulthood is far from over.

At this point the now adult moves into the final stages of adulthood. Both the parents and the "child" long for exit from the nest. Depending on previous stages along the wave our subject nears college graduation, has entered the job market or begins this independent stage dependent on others. By the end of Saturn cycle (29 1/2 years) many become or consider becoming parents. Women face the biological clock. At the very least those nearing thirty are expected to fend for themselves if not contribute to society. At this point, known as the ((Saturn Return)) people also begin to face their mortality, the invulnerability of youth disappearing with each day.

We discuss ((Saturn and the Human Growth Cycle)) elsewhere. The emphasis here belongs on how each point on the wave, especially the crossing of axes (x at 0°/180; y at 90°/270°) depends on every other point.

How a child adapts to their first release into the world around seven depends on conditions set at birth (0°) and what and how the child fares up to age seven (90°) contribute to how the child takes the next step. The same goes the 180° mark around 14-15 but with the added checkpoint of 90° added in.

This proceeds all the way through the cycle until the ((Saturn Return)), starting over with different concerns until the next return around age fifty-eight. No one point on the entire wave, including those not at quadrate alignments. operates alone, just as someone does not turn twenty-one, for example, without a history to go with it. Each point on the wave belongs to the wave and cannot be considered separate from it. Seeing this integrity proves easy for known history, a bit trickier for projecting into the future. Projecting into future has its own concerns and receives separate treatment.

An example that relates to electronics ((Uranus, Neptune and the Development of Electricity)) shows how electricity moved from theory to ((1821)) to electronics ((1992)) and mass acceptance. Two short examples covering recent events will not only help show how outer planet quadrate alignments tie to history, but provides material for later use

  <li>1951-1953-360°/0°: A joint US/''UK secret plan overthrows Iran''s democratically elected government to control Iranian oil; install Shah; this begins many shadow operations by US government. </li>
\r\n      <li>1962-90°: Shah implements land redistribution; implements literacy program in armed forces; some lose land to Shah''s favorites; middle class grows very quickly through the 60s; Shah exiles to Khomeini to Paris</li>
\r\n      <li>1971-180°/0°: Massive inflation undermines Iranian economy; the middle-class previously torn between rising incomes and state oppression turn against Shah, but cannot unite; the lower classes coalesce around Islamic insurgents; in response Shah cracks down leading to many groups to turn against Shah</li>
\r\n      <li>1979-270°: Revolutionary Guards seize American Embassy, hold hostages; Khomeini returns, sets up Islamic Republic; Carter and Reagan secretly negotiate with kidnappers, Reagan offers deal that leads to Iran-Contra affair; in 1980, Iran and Iraq enter into bitter war that lasts until 1988; Shah goes into exile. </li>
\r\n     <li>1988-89-0°/360°: Though the Iraqis won military victory, Iran''s survival established its Islamic government as legitimate at least in the region. From this point on Iran has struggled to balance western inspired ways delivered by the Shah and Sharia law</li>

</ul>
\r\n Here we can easily see how events at each quadrate alignment relates to another. The 1979 Revolution at 270° still carries elements of the 360°/0° (1953 overthrow) and 90° (1962 land redistribution/Khomeini exile) forward; none of the events makes sense alone.

      <ul>
\r\n <li>1915-360°/0°: WW I that exploded in 1914 sounded the final death knell for the Imperial Russia. Much of Russia suffered from an inability to modernize compared to the West, a top heavy and inefficient government structure and heavy war casualties (almost two million dead, close to six million injured).
\r\n</li>
\r\n<li>1922-90°: The US overthrow of Iran''s government (see above) probably inspired the USSR to seek partners across the globe; China and the US fought their own version up to 1953 in the Korean War; around this time the Soviets demonstrated both nuclear and transcontinental missile capabilities that rattled the West.      </li>
\r\n      <li>1930-180°/0°: Near the opposition Stalin consolidated political control by eliminating his rivals. From here forward the Soviet Union removes any illusions of utopia with its prosecution of the large bourgeois class know as the kulaks, either through incareration in the gulags or execution; estimates vary between 700,000 to 60 million. Also from this point forward Stalin proves able to establish a large and productive industrial sector that later allowed him to supply the war machine. Most importantly, his First Five Year Plan industrialized farming, boosting agricultural output and thereby releasing workers to the factories. The end result came with the establishment of Revolution into a productive state.

</li>
\r\n<li>1940-270°: This period of course conjurs up the Non-agression pact, its subsequent violation by Hitler and the beginning of WWII. But we should remember that a quadrate alignment speaks not just of a moment in time; it displays developments that occur from one such alignment to the next. In this case this points to the effects of the First and Second Five ear Plan. From ((A History of the Modern World)):

No ten years in the history of any Wester country ever showed such a rate of industrial growth as the decade of the first two Plans in the Soviet Union...from 1928 to 1938, production of iron and steel expanded four times, and that of coal three and a half times. In 1938 the U.S.S.R. was the largest producer of farm tractors and railway locomotives. Four-fifths of all its industrial output came from plants built in the preceding ten years.

We can see in retrospect that machinations around the Non-agression pact and the German invasion of the Soviet Union meant nothing without the latter''s industrial might--the same lines that can produce tractors and locomotives can produce tanks and ammunition. Any quadrate alignment points to a test of how previous actions play out in the light of day. Certainly could know at the ((upper square)) how the industrial might of Germany would fare against that of the USSR. As we can see, the struggle eventually played out that the Red State ended up controlling the lands that Germany coveted leaving them in position to create the Eastern Bloc that played such a big factor during the Cold War. Of course, this fact is easy to write in a sentence. We need remember that the span between 1940 and 1947 included the horrors of Stalingrad, the frozen deaths of miliions of hapless fighters on both sides and enslavement and extermination of millions of Jews and others the state deemed undesirable on both sides.

Again we the lesson here revovles around seeing that while each alignment along the wave stands by itself, we glean more by seeing each algnments place as part of the greater whole.

</li>
\r\n <li>1947-0°/360°: Though Churchill and, to a lesser degree, Roosevelt knew they could not trust Stalin, their reliance on the Soviet state gave the latter leverage the other two lacked. At the time of the 1945 Yalta conference, the USSR controlled much of what soon morphed into the Eastern Bloc. This level of control encouraged the embryonic Communist superpower to adopt a policy of seeding new nations who could now emerge from colonial control. These factors represent both conclusion and seed. The former coming from the Soviet''s triumphs during WWII, the latter from the fact that it now put friendlies in power in soon to be satellite states.

Most importantly at this end time we see all of the elements of the entire 1915Saturn-Pluto1947 neatly summarized: the rise of the a Communist Russia through successful overthrow of the Imperial Russia in 1917 at start of the wave; this led to the Russian Civil War where the Bolshovieks prevailed leading to creation of the USSR in 1922 at the ((lower square)) of 90°; around the halfpoint--((opposition), 180°--we see Stalin establish power while also (literally) exteriminating the kulaks who represented the most potent opposition to Stalin''s plans; from here we move to the ((upper square)), 270° near 1940, which brings us to the period of the Non-aggression Pact and Germany''s violation thereof, with its invasion the USSR, bringing us back to the end of the wave where the shadow all of the events mentioned here help define the picture seen around 1947.</li> </ul>

Keep in mind here as well that the entire 1915Saturn-Pluto1947 wave sets up the next: 1948Saturn-Pluto1981, the period that encompasses the main section of the Cold War mentioned later at ((Saturn and Outer Planet Waves)).

Quadrate Alignment Conclusions

Each of the alignments, whether as depicted along a wave or a circle represents a change of direction, both physically and as seen here, historically, . Though all the other transits, 30°, 60° and 120° also relay important information, the quadrate alignments more easily display themes that relate to history in connected, holistic manner. Compare a quadrate alignment to a historical event, fill in the five axis crossings points along the wave and it clearly limns the full historical picture.

Planetary waves describe the span between
\r\nplanet alignments. They are an imaginary device used to better
\r\ndescribe the dynamics between planetary movement and the march of
\r\nhistory. The diagrams below describe how the model works:
\r\n{img src=http://mundaneastrology.net/bitweaver/essential/images/lunarwave.png width= height= align= description= link=}

The wave model mirrors planetary movement by showing symmetry in
\r\ndifferent form. Both the 0Â°/180Â° and pairs
\r\n90Â°/270Â° mirror each other as do opposite sides
\r\nall along the path of the wave. As they do the in the lunar model
\r\nshown below: <BR><BR><IMG SRC="%5C%22%5C%22" NAME="graphics2" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=71 HEIGHT=35 BORDER=0>
\r\nWhether this model works in practice bears evidence for what we can
\r\nterm the <STRONG>1399Neptune-Pluto1892</STRONG> wave, showing that
\r\nthis span of history appears marked by the conjunctions between
\r\nNeptune and Pluto. Additionally, <STRONG>1398Neptune-90Â°-Pluto1892</STRONG>
\r\nmarks the 90Â° milepost, one quarter through the wave;
\r\nit\\''s opposite, <STRONG>270Â°,becomes 1821</STRONG> and the
\r\nopposite of <STRONG>0Â°, 180Â° at 1648:</STRONG>
\r\n<BR><BR><IMG SRC="%5C%22http://mundaneastrology.net/essential/images/neppluwave.png%5C%22" NAME="graphics3" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=71 HEIGHT=35 BORDER=0>
\r\n<BR>Thus<STRONG>1399Neptune-Pluto1892</STRONG> can thus be seen in
\r\nthe segments of: <BR>+<STRONG>((1398-1571))</STRONG> +<STRONG>((1572-1648))</STRONG>
\r\n+<STRONG>((1649-1821))</STRONG> +<STRONG>((1822-1892))</STRONG>
\r\nThroughout the 1399-1892 span an overwhelming theme can be seen as a
\r\nbreak from tradition especially in regard to European civilization\\''s
\r\nrelation with Christianity. <STRONG>1398-1571</STRONG> shows the
\r\nfirst stage of the critical change of dynamic between the two forces:

{maketoc}
\r\n<h2>Outer Planets Explained</h2>
\r\nThe outer planets. listed below, relate to social and historical themes for the simple reason that their "years" last much longer than the ((inner planets)). Whereas Mars'' year last about two of ours, Jupiter has a an orbit of twelve, Saturn one of twenty-nine and a half, Uranus eighty-four, Neptune 168 and Pluto 249. Keep in mind that ((planets)) should be seen as actors, the ones who move. Think of ((signs)) as the scenes through which the planets move. Hence, the inner planets have many scenes, experiences, much like we do on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. With issues dealing history or society, no one has the time to digest the many incidents we experience in the short periods the inner planets represent. On the other hand since, for instance, Saturn appears in the same sign only about three times a century, something much more easily notable. Extend this theme to where the return occurs once a century (Uranus), a little over a century and a half (Neptune) and two and half centuries (Pluto) and the ''historical'' seems readily apparent.
\r\n<br />
\r\n<h3>((Jupiter))</h3>

Known to astrologers as planet of expansion, likely because of its gaseous nature.

Astrologers tie this planet to structure, restriction and foundation. Many good reasons justify this association. Saturn orbits through our solar system as the last one visible to the naked eye, setting the limit our comprehension not requiring instrumentation.
\r\n<h3>((Uranus))</h3>
\r\n<h3>((Neptune))</h3>
\r\n<h3>((Pluto))</h3>
\r\n

The Axial Age

Between world of gods and God came a transition known to some as the ((Axial Age)), a term first coined by ((Karl Jaspers)) and covered much by ((Karen Armstrong)). This period stands out as the time when some humans began to decide that a montheistic system of worship served better than a polytheistic one. The Axial Age, previous eras and consequences of the Axial Age on the site Religious Tolerance excellently summarizes the period:

In the years centering around 500 BCE, great advances in religion, philosophy, science, democracy, and many forms of art - occurred independently and almost simultaneously in China, India, the Middle East, and Greece. Spiritual foundations were laid which humanity still use today. ₃ In these times of social upheaval and political turmoil, a new elite became the carrier of a new cultural and social order. Great religious leaders rose to prominence attracting a mass following, and many sociological, cultural, economic and spiritual changes were made:

Here we begin to see a distinct change from humans feeling that forces beyond their control determining how their lives proceeded to understanding the forces in the world. The leap from from comprehending the forces to trying to control them is miniscule. Well, almost. Using the forces of nature for human benefit really did not fully take hold until the Industrial Revolution of the XVIIIth century.

A Triple Conjunction

During the years 577bce to 575bce the three outer planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto aligned around 9° Taurus for the only time from the Neolithic Period forward.

The Combination

Some may naturally see the connection between the Axial Age and the Triple Conjunction as coincident, but

Stepping Forward

The most revealing step forward comes at the dawn of the Age of Reason. This grand steep toward secularism cannot help but remind that secular thought also arose as a need during the Axial Age.

Stepping Back

Saturn''s Connections

Conclusions

The Uneven Distrbution of Evolution
\r\n
\r\nThe case that evolution was unevenly distributed holds here as it does elsewhere. As you will learn, different groups show various forms of progress along the path of the wave, but in no way will progress surpass built in characteristics or tendencies. Spain could not overcome its distance. lack of education and poor soil. England excelled because of many of the advantages with which it began the 1398 wave. Eastern Europe generally began the wave with a culture less conducive to grant freedoms stifling motivation to innovate. The examples are many. What we should learn here is that the conditions under which a group begins a wave does much to determine how it will proceed during it. Understand that each cardinal point that heralds a new phase should be seen as a decision point, a time when the parties involved could have chosen various paths. That a party did not know a new path opened to them matters not. Actually, this is where how evolution occurring at different rates reveals itself.
\r\n<br />
\r\nSpain and England between 1398 and 1572 best illustrate this concept. Spain in the 1570s found itself trying to avoid bankruptcy, defend Catholicism across Europe and at war with the crown\\''s possession, the Netherlands. England faced the usual uncertainty over rights to the throne, solidifying, but still not fully defined religious identity and a need to gain a foothold in overseas ventures. As it turned out Spain could not after 1572, at Neptune-Pluto the lower square overcome its poor financial management, spottily educated administration and divided national interests. In contrast, England unified behind its queen, consolidated its power over religion and entered the slave and ocean trade that cemented its rise to empire. Why did one nation succeed where another, one that had an apparent advantage of a seemingly endless flow of precious metals, failed?.
\r\n<br />
\r\nThe answer lies with the conditions found at the start of the wave. Spain never shared the same sense of unity as England. It had a relatively poor economy--less suitable soil contributed greatly to this--a condition that lead to a smaller middle class from which to draw modernizing talents. Add the Inquisition to Jewish exile and a picture of nation that discouraged innovation and enterprise emerges. Another fact tells more: Spain sent their maps to Germany for printing, lacking the homegrown talent to which entrust such sensitive information. We should also know that much of Spain\\''s woes were more Castilian than Spanish. Spain was part of Charles I\\''s dynasty, his inheritance as grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand. Spain played a role in Charles\\'' plans more than they did for the Spanish. Altogether, this led to a situation where very few Spaniards had motivation to invest in their own land. Contrast this with England where from before 1398 the landowners had always had power through the Parliament. In the the long the landowners through its advisory body and by its ability to raise capital eventually led to the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. Its representative government, though somewhat limited, still managed to involve enough citizens that it avoided the upheaval of the continent. The English had more cause to believe that their efforts would benefit themselves and their country. Since from 1688 forward the English monarch served at the agreement of Parliament, he too had to be seen as serving the nation\\''s interest. In contrast, soon after the 1700s, the Spanish crown increasing served foreign interests almost exclusively. In short, Spain could never move past its conditions at the start while England thrived based on them.
\r\n<br />
\r\nThis observation extends to past Europe. China began the 1398 the most prosperous on the planet, but never felt the motivation to change. Some empires in preSpanish America rivaled the riches of Europe, but never had the closely competitive societies of Europe. Africa remained too sparsely populated to create centers of agriculture. let alone industry.
\r\n<br />
\r\nThis disparity in development patterns has other ramifications as well. Various systems evolved in different areas at fluctuating rates. Because England developed a parliamentary system sooner than their counterparts, other areas lagged behind. The lower classes developed a voice later than the French for instance.

Complex Reasons Matched by Complex Patterns

How could nations who purposely attempted to avoid war end fighting one so brutal that decimated half the male populations of some? Most of these answers lie in understanding various psychological signatures, but an ouiter planet analysis may offer clues not found with a stand historical one.

To what may be a surprise to some the outer planet patterns from about 1880 through 1920 closely match the complexity of the events that lead up to the war and ones that happened during it. I am fairly certain that once fully digested readers will realize the role outer planet analysis can play in examining history. Granted, that even with visual accompaniment, this guide proves a little difficult to digest in one sitting. Once this document makes it into hardcopy form, that said copy will become dog-eared and worn from constant shuffling back and forth. The period spoken of here will likely turn out as one the most complicated to cover. Unlike in my upcoming book ((1648)), other lands outside of Europe warrant equal coverage. And also unlike that work, how the planets interact in a way that mirrors does not reveal itself with ease. Nonetheless, once fully understood, I believe using the outer planets as a guide will help uncover how and why nations ostensibly alligned toward peace could engage in one of the deadliest conflicts in human history.

How did the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by a splinter group from a Balkan possession emerge the world in one the deadlist conflicts seen until that time? Afterall, this region seemed to represent more of problem for the Austrian Empire, which governed the Balkans than one that could ignite much of the world into conflict.

Visual Guide Strategy

To make such a complex time easy to follow requires a strategy. Here the blueprint will not vary far from how Measuring History takes with any historical period: proceed from the general to the particular. Seeing that this includes an outer planet anaysis we must approach the project slightly differently by looking at both the political and astrologically situation almost simultaneously. For me this comes with advantage and disadvantage. My study over the last seven years allows me to see thsi vision in my head, but with the burden of trying to translate into the minds who have not. Whatever the outcome, keep in mind that the goal here constitutes an attempt to bring readers up-to-date with this process.

Why 1880-1920?

Certtainly other circumstances other than those that began before the last two decades of the XIXth century contributed to the onset of WW I, why choose this forty year stretch? How does it affect us now? And what do the outer planets tell us about the conflict and its down-the-line consequences.

My initial interest began purely from a historical perspective. I
\r\n knew that a united Germany dramatically changed the face of Europe, especially after it had humilated its rival France in 1871. Until this point most of my work concentrated on this ((Primer)) and ((1648)), which the latter period covers the subject of only a little. Once I began looking more deeply into ((1893Neptune-Pluto2384)), the importance of the 1880-1920 became clear. The more I surveyed both the history and its outer planet accompaniment, the more I realized that it included all of the components required to make sense of how history mirrors outer planet interaction.

The Wave Analysis

The wave analysis speaks for itself, but the reason for its importance comes from that fact that all of the outer planet waves come into play during our study period. What makes the entire piece come together highlights the importance of Saturnine ((quadrate alignments)). Because during the war period Saturn makes at least one such alignment with the three other more distant outer planets, it highlights how issues connected with these outer planet waves remained dangerously unresolved.

The most obvious example of this dynamic appears with the Russian revolutions. The Tsardom managed to avoid final fall in 1905, but his inaction only exacarbated the circumstances that lead to final downfall in 1917.

Diplomatic Situation

The diplomatic situation explains the players that created and fought the ''Great War'' and how they found themselves in a position that the only way out was a horrible interpersonal conflict.

The Triple Alliance

In 1879 ((Bismarck)) entered into a treaty with the Austria-Hungary to ensure that the newly united Germany had protection against the rest of Europe. To this Italy joined in 1882. He also added an agreement with Russia, creating a complex system of alliances and counter-alliances. Bismarck was a master statesman, but his predecessors were not. After this Germany''s industrial might grew to rival Britain''s, surpassing both Britain and France in steel output by 1900. Industrial output and competition in trade though most could deal with, what worried most came with Germany''s attention to its navy.

Backing up a bit, France, now bitter enemies with the Germans, worried that the Triple Alliance could easily overwhelm its defenses looked to Russia. Though the two held opposite philosophies, France, revolutionary and Russia autocratic, both sides saw advantage in cooperating with one another. France saw Russia as a counterbalance to the huge German, Austrian-Hungarian alliance and Russia always needed western capital and expertise. Britain remained a missing, but huge piece.

Britain relied on its navy to keep its hegemony around the globe, but preferred an isolationist approach toward its European affairs.

The Period in Pieces

The overall period begins from a historical perspective but uses outer planet events to explain it. The reason for this comes from the very natural divisions that appeared at the time. Roughly they breakdown into the run up the and the after period of the 1892-93 Neptune-Pluto ((conjunction)) (1880-1896), a dual oppostion stanza between between Uranus and Pluto (~1901) and Uranus and Neptune (~1905) each receive their own categorization (1897-1904) and (1905-1912) respectively and finally 1913-1920 covers the time when Saturn ((transits)) bring all the waves listed above back into play.

Overall Wave Analysis

The sheer amount of outer planet waves enriches the visual guide from an astrologer''s view. Within this tiny period, tiny in comparison to all history we see planet waves involving all three of the most outer planets, all three ((Saturn waves)) and all four ((Jupiter Waves)). Essentially, the most important elements of ((mundane astrology)) appear available to show how history reflect outer planet interaction.

((Neptune-Pluto)) and ((Uranus Waves))

Whenever the three most outer planet waves intertwine within a short period, with a ina decade or three, history reaches one of the crossroads that all recognize. This segment certainly fits that definition. Within twenty years from 1890 to 1910 we saw:

The Neptune-Pluto Wave

This ends the ((Neptune-Pluto wave)) that began around 1398, a period highl associated with modernization and the onset of a secular approach to government. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire immediately jump out as the nations who clung most closely to a medieval style of governance. Both, for different reasons, resisted the national model that its rivals had begun to adapt a century earlier. Russia may also follow under this umbrella, but its case deserves separate treatment. Who clung to what model does not rank as important as comprehending that entire affair shows the qualities of a major seed moment in keeping with all Neptune-Pluto conjunctions.

Because of reasons that become more apparent later the entire four decade period meets expectation as a seminal moment in history. The Saturn conjunctions to both Neptune and Pluto occurring ten years before the Neptune-Pluto conjunction extended the latter event the sense of newness became obvious during the 1880s--think of the telephone and the eldectrical grid. This feeling and the reality extended to the war newly fought with radio communications, aircraft, tanks and mustard gas. Also remember that a new need to placate the populace also played a factor in how and if a nation joined the contest. When did a monarchy ever need to sell a war to its people?

((Saturn Waves))

Two Saturn waves appear almost simultaneously with one another: ((1882Saturn-Pluto1915))

Their appearance so close to another and so close to the impending ((Neptune-Pluto conjunction of 1892-93)) essentially extends the conjunction period forward to at least 1880 when consider that events connected to outer planet interplay actually start to occur a little before the actual planetary development.

Wave Nuances

1903-1908

1917

Jupiter and Saturn

The Diplomatic Situation

The chief reason the world ended up in a word wide struggle lies with the fact that for thr fiirst time true, somewhat mature governments governed and exploted resources across the globe. No longer did the regimes of Europe opine that the USA would soon fall; it had just survived its civil war, solving for the time a major issue that divided it. Industrialism forced all modern governments to look well beyond its borders for resources and markets.

Period Breakdown Explained

1880-1896

Outer Planet Synopsis

Diplomatic Analysis

1897-1904

Outer Planet Synopsis

Diplomatic Analysis

1905-1912

Outer Planet Synopsis

Diplomatic Analysis

1912-1920

Outer Planet Synopsis

Diplomatic Analysis

Conclusions

Another Seed Moment

Without doubt the stretch of time covered here stands forth as a seed moment. The ''Great War'' signaled that conflicts no longer revolved solely around soldering and generalship, but industry and transportation. Indeed, we can argue that military strategy had failed to keep current with the needs of modern warfare.

1398-99 and 1892-1893: A Comparison

Halfpoints

Endpoints and Carryovers

For very valid reasons the nations involved in the ''The Great War'' attempted to continue with their regimes intact. For these same reasons the ones who tried to hold onto the past the most, lost the most. Notice that all but the USA, the one with the least tradition, lost something in the war. The once omnipotent Great Britain saw the beginning of the end of its empire. France lost half of its male population, likely explaining its weakness in the next conflict. Germany lost much of the the momentum it had gained in the half-century. Turkey shed its Ottoman legacy and altogether Europe began to lose the dominance it had held for about 250 years.

Carrying capacity equals the ability of a given region to support its denizens. Saturn''s orbit of nearly thirty years represents human generations, a measurement that remains standard across time. A simple exercise demostrates how human generations and carrying capacity relate to one another. This different view of Saturn gives it a broader meaning when seen as part of an outer planet wave pairing. As we see over and over again, measuring history helps us see our pasts (and futures) from a perspective unavailable through conventional means.
\r\n
\r\nHow humans influence carrying capacity changes over time. Hunter/gatherers for hundreds of thousands of years remained at the mercy of climate and environment. They altered the equation by determining what plants they could cultivate to produce a more conistent dietary supply. This led to a number of agricultural revolutions that literally began to alter all of Earth''s ecosystems. At the same time it set a trend of extending lifespans beyond the thirty plus years of the average hunter/gatherer. Many Egytian engineers, merchants, priests and royalty lived well into their sixties some two thousand years after the Agricultural Revolution of 4545bceNeptune-Pluto4042bce. This means that generations upon generations set up a new matrix impossible under times of less cultivation. Carrying capacity had expanded to at least two Saturn returns. Likewise, society had moved beyond purely agrarian motivations to where members built elaborate momuments to carry celebrants safely into the afterlife. Life had progressed to the point that people could contemplate about abstract concepts such as afterlife as much as they could survival.
\r\n
\r\nLet us carry this forward to Isaac Newton''s time. His time featured the transition from medievalism to modernism. Certainly, his claim to fame has little to do with agriculture, but his life tells us much about carrying capacity and the generations of Saturn. Newton (4 January 1643 - March 31, 1727) lived to be eighty-four, equivalent to three Saturn returns. His work moved the mathematic and scientific (in fact, finely definining it) past Plato and and Aristotle. But his work would have meant nothing in a vacuum. Newton''s work implies the carrying capacity that both preceded him and supported him throughout his lifetime. Here we instead of pyramids we speak of abstract formulas and highly reformed methods that help us see and manipulate the world to a level unavailable to humans for millions of years until his time. But we also speak of university build‌ings and classes, along with students and the parents that supported them. Supporting these include a network of merchants and farrmers, pirates, lawyers and priests, all necessary elements a society that can support universities and the schools that feed students to them. In addition, Newton had an adversary, Liebniz, who too represented his network of capacity enablers that allowed him the time to develop his cornucopia of ideas.
\r\n
\r\n    In no way can we compare the carrying capacity of England and France to that of ancient Egypt, yet look how Saturn''s orbit remain valid in all cases. Saturn orbits to human lifes in the time of the pyramids comes in at around two or so for the highly supported, the educated. By Newton''s time it had expanded to around three. In addition, human capability during these Saturn-measured periods had changed from the marvels of pyramids to the verge of manipulation down to the atomic level. As human longevity grows so do the number of people who live with more and more Saturn returns. With this growth we should expect a higher level of what the public can understand and accomplish.
\r\n
\r\n    Throughout all of ((1893Neptune-Pluto2384)) the relationship between Saturnine generations and carrying capacity takes on new meaning. Lifespans growing ever longer represents an opposite problem than during any other Neptune-Pluto wave: too many people living too long and too comfortably threatens our existence. At the same all peoples have the capacity to understand the situation and even

Cosmos & Psyche: A Constant Companion

Though Measuring History, and mundaneastrology.net each began indepenently from ''''Cosmos & Psyche'''', that publication rightly ranks as a companion, to my great pleasure. Admittedly, my first reaction was a jealous one, but reading Richard Tarnas'' work on the topic provided me a greater impulse to complete the books I have been composing over the last seven years. To be clear, I knew I could not begin true authoring mode until I finished his book.

That Cosmos & Psyche proved a difficult read both concerns and encourages. The concern come because i know that a balance between full reporting and market-share requires a deft touch. The encouragement comes from knowing that the task facing me challenges one with credentials more well-known than mine.

The true reward for me came at the end when Mr. Tarnas posits that history books may come as a next step. I could not help but smile knowing that I was already well on my way toward that goal.

The Importance of The French Revolution

The French Revolution represents the tipping point between old and new worlds. While the event did not answer how people would live in the modern world, it showed that they could no longer live in the medieval one. The French Revolution proved that medieval ways could no longer work in an increasingly complex world. Of course, the transition too k years to fully take hold--World War I stands as the last stand for the old ways--the vector toward modernism set its direction around 1789. The list below shows some of the developments that grew out of the French Revolution:

While the above list certainly is not a comprehensive, keep in mind that this tipping point iremains unresolved in many ways. No one view can answer what it means to history and our time during.
\r\n
\r\nWe cover the list issue by issue below.

Nationalism

The idea of nationalism grew in diplomatic circles beginning with the Peace of Westphalia, the idea did not spread to the masses until after the Napoleonic Wars. Though down to our time no one definition of nationalism serves all circumstances, the abstract idea of a national identity took hold across Europe once populations could see the benefits.. The European adoption of the concept later spread globally with varying results.
\r\n
\r\nThe importance of nationalism cannot be understated. Prior to the revolution one took allegiance to the monarch. After, allegiance went to the state; abstraction over personal knowledge. From here the leap to paying loyalty to a money or profession is not a large one. This change also shows how Reason had moved past theory into everyday life, a major shift in human understanding.
\r\n
\r\nNationalism worked in two distinct directions. Politicians could use it enflame a movement as Hitler and Mussolini managed to accomplish. At the same time politicians now had tio be seen as working toward national interests.
\r\n...page...

Lapse of the Second Estate

The second estate included both the nobility of the monarchy. Because both branches of this group had fallen out of touch with the everyday, the Revolution came upon them with little warning and left both the nobles to fight together, though neither group had few reasons to do so before the event. Their relationship in fact should be considered a direct cause of the entire conflagration.

Taxes No One Wanted to Pay

By the 1780s nobles felt insulted even to be asked to pay taxes. Part of the attraction to be nobility included this no-tax status. The attraction proved high enough that those of the middle-class with the proper connection could buy nobility that came with no tax liability. Perhaps a few exceptions like these would have had little economic affect, but the practice occurred across the French Empire. Combined with the next issue, the lack of will to address taxes drove the French government into bankruptcy and beyond.

The opposite side of the problem came from the fact that France at the time had set foot in the modern world, without realizing the full implications. Modern needs include transparent laws, little impedance to commerce, reliable transportation and a standing army unbeholden to personal whims. Some of the bankruptcy came from the wars France fought, most versus Britain throughout the XVIIIth century. Wars required ever-advancing weapon technology, a consistent supply-line and ways to constantly acquire and manage personnel. All of the above required currency, paid on demand. At the same time the middle-class, who held a growing influence, especially with the monarchy (see below) and demanded more and better means to compete globally. The needs placed on the King had grown well beyond its ability to delegate its authority, but yet it could not shrink away from needs that had grown beyond its ken.

((Louis XIV)) crafted elaborate means to manipulate nobility. This solved his immediate instinct to keep the nobles in check but relented the problems to future generations. At the same his needs increasingly put the middle-class into decision making positions, a situation that only multiplied over time. The middle-class made more money but its income did not bring enough influence to halt the endless call for taxation. Since nobles paid little or no taxes and the poor had little to give, we can see why those in the middle class had strong impetus to overthrow a system that did not work in their interests.

Middle-Class and the Enlightenment

Though many causes converged to create the uprising that the middle-class held Enlightenment ideas at the forefronts help set the intellectual framework that justified their actions. ((The Enlightenment)) is not a period that historians named after the fact, but one that stood proud to live through. In fact, many saw La Revolution as a test of how well humans could move past superstitions of the past. What many soon discovered was that Reason, the new God, provided many opportunity for interpretation, but few definitive answers. That some used Reason to persecute members of the Church, sometime brutally, revealed the hypocrisy of relying only on the intellect. Rampant inflation and food shortages did not help the case.

Modern Government

Modern government can handle debt, even bankruptcy and move on. In the late XXth Century New York City went through bankruptcy a few times, yet this center of commerce barely missed a beat throughout the financial crisis. France in 1789 hardly came close to modern government.

The Ancien Regime

Power passed through family for centuries in France. This system served to provide a means of transmitting from one generation to another. This tradition also helped supply defenders of the crown''s interests, placing the military firmly behind this governmental practice. With membership in this class one seldom paid taxes, if at all, controlled great tracts of land and enjoyed court privileges. What this group increasingly failed to provide, the middle-class could: accounting, management, engineering etc. All of these professions required payment in another modern development, reliable currency,

Conservatism versus Liberalism

End of Elitist Militaries

French Revolution''s Outer Planet Reflection

All Roads Lead to 1648

An 80 Year Transit and the Enlightenment

Uranus upper Square Neptune

This transit ties the Age of Reason/Post 30 Year period and post-Napolenic period as factors to note when studying the revolutionary period. the ((upper square)) (270 degrees) represents a peak. It is a time of extreme accomplishment and one of letting go. The time of the this transit brings the United States into the equation in a couple ways. The ((Treaty of Paris)) of 1783 awarded the new nation quite a bounty and the space to build without overseas interference. It represented an ideal in play since the English Revolution, enhanced by Locke and seasoned by the ((Age of Reason)). It showed that humans could overcome their most base tendencies by logic and sensible debate. That many French ventured across the ocean to assist the effort brought that event more intimately into the French sphere.

The other way it touched many French came through debt: France spent vast sums to help the fledging colonies and to prevent the British from reaping further gain. If the crown could extend money for American freedom, why not the French themselves? Through much of the century after US indendence, it served as an ideal many sought.

The ((upper square)) almost always points to a letting go, a final step that makes way for the new to appear. American Independence and its connection to the Revolution clearly falls into this category. ((Thomas Jefferson)), a student of ((The Enlightenment)), channeled ((John Locke)), who responded to ((Hobbes)). Locke and Jefferson both answered the newly raised question of how to govern on reasoned premises. The jump from Jefferson''s

to the demands of the Third State is a small one. Here we see the final step of applying logic, the first step of the process appearing at ((1649Uranus-0-Neptune1821: 1649)) with dawn of the Age of Reason and ending with Industrialism of the 1820s. Again we go back to the justified hunch that the Enlightenment ended with the French Revolution. The public saw that Reason led just as easily to bloodlust as previous mindsets did. We see the shift to ((Romanticism)), the next step implied with the upper square. Together, both events signaled the much of the planet, even the omnipotent British Empire, that old world slipped further away.. From 1783 to 1821, the last quarter of ((1649Uranus-Neptune1821)) developments began to push civilization beyond its agrarian past. The Revolution began to take on a new meaning among new working classes emerging with mechanization. A final step had been made and even the past began to look different.

Uranus opposite Pluto

((1649Uranus-180-Pluto1848: 1792)) the half point arived at the middle of ((Reign of Terror)). Because these period included the death of monarch by mob, the point of no return emerged for all to see. Nobility across who may have supported the people''s cause until that point moved into royalty camp. The revolutionaries clearly showed an unwillingness to work with the Ancien Regime. More immediately, various nations declared war against the fledging government. No longer could the Revolution live on slogans and ideas. Money, soldiers, supplies, food and the means to distribute them all pressed those tentatively in charge into new roles.
\r\n

Saturn''s "Helper" Transits

A Cascade of Transits: the 1810s

As impressive as the list of transits during the 1810s appear, we must see how they relate to a similar list of the 1640s. Most similarly Uranus lay opposite Pluto around 1648 just as it did in 1792. At both times ruling factions went to extremes to maintain or forward their views. In England Charles I lost his head as Louis XIV did. This is not say that ((Uranus-Pluto Oppositions)) associate with beheading monarchs, but we should connect them with two immutable forces reaching impasses that require extreme solutions. We should also know that issues seem to repeat at all quadrate alignments; the unresolved issues of ((Le Fronde)) (1648-1652) carried alway through the time of the Revolution. ((Louis XIV)) muted the nobles, but could not eliminate them.

Post Roman Period

East and West

Islam is Born

Wandering

410Neptune-180-Pluto905

The French Revolution still stands as one of the
\r\nsignature events of all time. It heralded the final shift away from
\r\nfeudal practices. Simultaneously, the uprising signaled a shift to more modern representative governments. In many ways, the French Revolution left issues unsettled. Some would say through our time.

1648: Historical & Astrological Roots

End of Thirty Years War

France clearly emerged as a winner of the England never involved itself in the conflict and found
\r\nitself distracted by its leadership crisis. Germany, of course, ended
\r\nmore fragmented than ever. Italy fairly well suffering the same fate.
\r\nThough the Dutch also emerged victorious from the fight with Spain,
\r\nthe size of its population and economy never proved a threat to the
\r\nrest of Europe. Spain and the Church emerged as the biggest losers of
\r\nthe Thirty Years War. The former, long the most substantial rival to
\r\nthe French, after this point completed its spiral of decline to the
\r\npoint that it looked to its former adversary about half-century from
\r\nthis point. The French had always enjoyed a more beneficial
\r\nrelationship with Rome, but result of the Peace of Westphalia only
\r\nstrengthed its position. Not falling to the same degree of detriment
\r\nas these two, but nonetheless losing some influence was the other
\r\nlarge power in Europe, the Hapsburghs. Though, still a powerful
\r\nblock, its position indicated this family at this time began to look
\r\nmore to past glory than the modern world of the future.Keep in mind
\r\nas well that the French never really committed any troops to the
\r\nconflict, having backed whomever it felt offered France the best
\r\nadvantage. Hence, with no real rivals, the largest population in
\r\nEurope, a fertile agricultural sector and strong merchant sector,
\r\nFrance should be considered as the superpower of the
\r\nmid XVIIth century. Nonetheless, some issues loomed within the French
\r\nsphere. ((Louis XIV)) ascended to the throne in 1643 at five
\r\nyears-old, obviously too young to rule. His regency eventually passed
\r\nto Cardinal Mazarin , successor to Cardinal Richelieu. With this
\r\neffective leader the nobility had major issues, one that foreshadowed
\r\nthings to come: taxes. Also in play were rights granted
\r\naccumulatively over time to towns, regions and nobility, again mostly
\r\nrevolving issues of revenue. These issues exploded into an affair
\r\nknown as Les Frondes.

Les Frondes

\r\nDespite France emerging as winner from the Thirty Years War,
\r\nthe costs of fighting it still brought the treasury to near
\r\nbankruptcy.As became common during these centuries, the monarch,
\r\noften tied to fixed incomes, constantly needed new forms or revenue.
\r\nThis search served as root cause for Les Frondes. A two pronged
\r\naffair, the first pitted the parlements a form of appeals
\r\ncourt across France, against the crown when they refused Mazarin''s edict for taxation. The
\r\nparlement of Paris riled the citizenry who threatened the royalty of
\r\nexile. The affair ended with the return of soldiery from the Thirty
\r\nYears War. But the latter also brought nobles who wanted to maintain
\r\nancient rites of revenue and taxation. Since the nobles fought
\r\namongst themselves, they essentially canceled out their power. In the
\r\nend this gave Louis XIV the means and motivation to keep this group
\r\nin check. This dynamic serves as a strong foundation of the French
\r\nRevolution.

Age of Reason

ended revolving around the realm of ideas. The revolution fairly well
\r\nbrought the Enlightenment to its end. This cultural movement came
\r\ndirectly from the Age of Reason, itself, an attempt to answer the
\r\nquestions that Aristotle and Plato had failed to. This movement, of
\r\ncourse led to the Scientific Revolution and the tendency to approach
\r\nlife rationally rather than through spirituality. With the Age of
\r\nReason came Hume and Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau and the philosophes,
\r\nto whom many participants of the uprising looked to for inspiration.
\r\nThat a rational only approach could not work was something that could
\r\nonly be discovered through hard reality proved a major lesson.

Enlightened Despotism

\r\nThe monarchs of the time found their power because of constant
\r\nneed of revenue and their ability to negate the noble classes.
\r\nBecause of a continual need for modernization, accountants,
\r\nengineers, professors and other professionals came more and more into
\r\ndemand. Nobles could not build bridges, design weaponry or build
\r\neconomies. Merchants, looked on with derision, nonetheless held the
\r\npower of the purse both against the nobility and the monarchy. With
\r\nnobles only getting in the way, the king increasingly dealt directly
\r\nwith this fourth estate. This dynamic led directly to the
\r\ncircumstance that exploded in 1789.

The Third Estate

The whole affair proved that money
\r\nwithout power only leads to frustration. But more than anything, the
\r\nFrench Revolution highlighted that tradition had to fall away to
\r\nmodern concerns. The monarchy never recovered from Louis XIV''s wars
\r\nagainst most of Europe. Because it ignored the nobility instead of
\r\nreforming it, the burning issue of taxation festered until explosion
\r\nat the end of the 18th century. In fact the situation got worse since
\r\nto raise revenue, the government resorted to the one time sale of
\r\noffices that included the privilege of tax avoidance. More and more
\r\nthe burden of funding France fell on the bourgeoisie and with it came
\r\nless services and security, a fact magnified by bread shortages of
\r\nthe time. We should also keep in mind that many French had intimate
\r\nconnections to American affair that centered around \\"taxation
\r\nwithout representation\\".
\r\n
\r\nAs with most history pivot points, no one cause can explain
\r\nthe French Revolution. Instead, many factor led to the uprising that
\r\nengulfed all of Europe and reverberates down to our time. Instead,
\r\nmay issues came to unsolvable conclusions that many saw the complete
\r\nrejection of the past the only viable alternative. what readers will
\r\nfind fascinating is how closely outer planet movements match the
\r\nconsequence of ignoring the realities of the time. What we learn
\r\nbelow may offer clues to handling similar situations.

Astrological Importance

((Neptune opposite Pluto: 1644-1648))

\r\nThe opposition exactly bifurcates the ((1398Neptune-Pluto))
\r\nwave with the period from 1398 to 1648 looking backward for answers
\r\nand the second half looking forward. Since an overwhelming theme of
\r\nthe wave centers around how Christianity morphed from a political
\r\nforce to simply religious advisory role,w e should not be surprised
\r\nthat religion played a central role to the French Revolution back to
\r\nthis time. ((Descartes))'' ''I think, therefore I am'' gave
\r\npermission to question all. Questions abounded, reaching the point
\r\nwhere ((Voltaire)), venerated as a saint of the cause rejected all
\r\nreligion as superstitious nonsense that could only harm. This
\r\nattitude left people without answers. While many agreed that the
\r\nChurch no longer served the needs of the people, no one know how to
\r\nfind a suitable replacement. This doubt left the Revolution without a
\r\nmoral center and resulted in attempt to replace worship of God, with
\r\nworship to the nation of France. In Holy
\r\nMadness: Romantics, Patriots, and Revolutionaries, 1776-1871.
\r\n
\r\nAdam Zamoyski states:

Human emotions needed something richer to feed on than a mere ''system'' if they were to be engaged. And engaged they must be, for if removed religious control of social behavior and the monarchs role as ultimate arbiter, the very fount-head of civil sanction would dry up something had to be put in their place. The question was ultimately how to induce people to be good in a godless society.

Of course, understanding the need to substitute who the people
\r\nworship with the mechanisms that encourage the substitution and the
\r\nactual methods of doing so differ completely. Indeed, the exercise is
\r\nlikely impossible, but since no one had attempted the switch,
\r\nparticularly, on such a large scale, how could anyone have known. The
\r\nmore important point here centers around the insecurity the
\r\nundermining of the Church meant to all. In fact, this topic deserves
\r\nits own discussion, but the argument could be made that the
\r\n((morality the Church)) reneged on its duty to foment, has never been
\r\ntruly replaced. Certainly, the French never pulled off the attempt.
\r\nThe important point to know about the Neptune-Pluto opposition is
\r\nthe that since religion had played such a central in all of European
\r\nlife, replacing it because of its corruption and its inability to
\r\nkeep up with changing times, the replacement came painfully, often
\r\naccompanied by death and bloodshed. Theory is one thing, reality is
\r\nanother.

((Uranus conjunct Neptune: 1649))

\r\nUranus aligned with Neptune in 1648 and would again in 1821.
\r\nThat Europe moved from the ((Scientific Revolution)) to the
\r\n((Industrial Revolution)) speaks volumes (reference: ((The
\r\nAge of Revolution: 1789-1848))
\r\nespecially since Uranus opposite Neptune (see below) in 1786
\r\nappearing just before the Revolution, is part the 1648-1821
\r\nUranus-Neptune wave. This wave connects closely to the widespread
\r\nacceptance of new technologies by the general public. The
\r\nEnlightenment would have meant nothing without the distribution of
\r\nideas. While the previous wave (1478-1648) saw the shift from purely
\r\nreligious titles to more secular ones, the steam turned into a flood
\r\nafter 1649. One reason the Revolution proved as popular as it did is
\r\nthat the populace came armed with ideas that could only have come
\r\nfrom widely distributed printed material. To get an idea of how the
\r\npeople\\''s access to knowledge takes large leaps refer to ((1821)) and
\r\n((1992)).

((Uranus opposite Pluto: 1650))

Saturn and all the Above: 1640s

\r\n((Saturn)) transits to the three more remote planets brings
\r\ntheir underlying social issues down-to-earth (Of course, planets
\r\ndo not make humans do anything, it just seems that way). At 1648
\r\n((Saturn)) aligned with ((Pluto)) and opposed the ((Uranus-Neptune
\r\nconjunction)). In 1792, Saturn aligned with Neptune just before it
\r\nsquared the Uranus-Pluto opposition. The
\r\nconnections between ((Saturn-Uranus)), ((Saturn-Neptune)) and
\r\n((Saturn-Pluto)) relationships will prove an interesting exercise.
\r\nFor now, remember to add the planet of reality to this equation.

((Uranus conjunct Pluto: 1707))

((Uranus upper square Neptune: 1786))

((Uranus opposite Pluto: 1792))

((Saturn relative to Uranus,Neptune and Pluto: 1780s))

The third house is the third in the first quadrant. It is connected with the sign of Gemini and the planet Mercury.

3rd House In Mundane Astrology

How a group or nation communicates shows with third house involvement. How well a group or subgroups employ infrastructure shows up when the third arises. In addition, the group''s language, its suitably for commerce and compatibility with interdependent economies warrant notation. One must also account for a groups level of literacy and social stimulus to learn.

3rd House In Natal Astrology

How one thinks and communicates appears when planets reside in this house. Transits of planets through this house bring up issues of communication and how one interacts with immediate surroundings.

Whenever considering outer planet waves and their connections to history always, always include the entire wave, particularly each change of direction. Each ninety degree segment represents an important level of development that helps gauge the level of progress relative to each tuning point along the wave. The wave studies includes quadrate alignments in each case so as to follow the advice above.

4545bceNeptunePluto4048bce

Horses domesticated (~4500bce) Ubaid period: ~4500bce - 4000bce 90 ~4470BCE-~4370BCE Predynastic period Egypt (~4350BCE) 180 ~4295BCE 270 ~4219BCE - 4121BCE

4047bceNeptunePluto3553bce

~3552bce-~3031BCE Upper & Lower Egypt Unified The shift by the Sahara Desert from a habitable region to a barren desert (wikipedia) ~4048BCE - ~3553BCE:Aquarius Naqad II: Egypt ~3552BCE - ~3057BCE: Pisces Kingdom Unification Egypt: ~3140 BCE 1st Dynasty: 2950 BCE 4th Dynasty (2575 - 2467 BC)

~3056bceNeptunePluto2549bce:Aries

~2548bceNeptunePluto2063bce: Aries

~2062BCENeptunePluto1570bce: Aries

Assyrian History Begins ~2000 BCE Hyskos invade Egypt 1600 BCE Babylon falls to Hittites ~1600bce

~1569bceNeptunePluto1075bce: Aries

~1074bceNeptunePluto576bce: Taurus

, Triple conjunction with Uranus ~576BCE - ~85BCE: Taurus End of Babylon Axial Age Rome''s rise Hellenization

~576bceNeptunePluto576bce: Taurus

Greece rises and falls. Macedonia conquers Greece, defeats Persia. Alexander invades vast areas. Dies. Generals feud. Hellenization. Rome rises. Replaces Greece.

~84BCENeptunePluto410ce: Taurus

411NeptunePluto905: Taurus

Post -Roman era. Byzantium grows on Romes legacy; tribes in Europe build rough map of Europe. Islam born.

906NeptunePluto1398: Taurus

1398NeptunePluto1892: Gemini

((1399-1566))

((1567-1648))

((1649-1821))

((1822-1892))

1893NeptunePluto2384: Gemini

1929 and 2010

Reason for Comparison

1929-1933

2008-2012

Are They the Similar?

Economics

1929

2010

Politics

1929

2010

Culture

1929

2010

Statehood

1929

2010

1929 and 2010: A Comparison

Day after day the media broadcasts references to the late twenties, pointing to the infamous year when many fortunes disappeared like dust in an innocent wind. Additionally, wars dark clouds brewed on the horizon in many global regions. In the USA particularly a collapsed housing market, high consumer debt, low saving rates and escalating prices give all segments of society jittery reminders of the Crash heard around the world. Globally, reports of food riots now brings the incidents to a number of twenty-four countries. Droughts and concern about an out-of-control climate helps black & white pictures of the dustbowl thirties emerge. Politically, a President Forty-three with the lowest rating in history echoes Harding and Hoover and the incompetence and corruptions of both of their administrations. Skyrocketing fuel prices and the slumping value of a dollar swamped by neglectful but growing deficit equally makes all classes worrisome, this time globally. Though, every period in history lives on its own, this many parallels begs the question of whether our current circumstance, looking forward over five years, has any similarities to one of the drearist and, as was eventually realized, gruesome periods in modern times.? And if so can we learn any thing from that time.

The Outer Planet Response

With a tinge of Schadenfruede, this mundane astrologer can hardly wait to show how the similarities noted above illustrate how ((outer planet waves)) help synchronize history across time in a practical, easy to follow process. The short answer is three planets, ((Saturn)), ((Uranus)) and ((Pluto)) all take similar, but different ((quadrate alignments)) that confirms the echo detailed above. The complete establishes us firmly in our time by showing the path that leads use throgh the present and into the immediate future.

Comparison Strategy

I start with a few declarations. ((1929 and 2010)) will require a few weeks to complete; there are many connections worth covering. This effort will cross-pollinate at mundaneastrology.net, our parallel site where many works like these appear. Blogs on both sites, will complement this work, providing update information and promoting comment.

Why These Dates?

I confess here to seeking provacative dates to hignlight in this easy. 1929 stands out in a tulmultuos time across the globe. The depression extended through WWII, but many signal changes appeared between 1929 and 1934 includiing the collapse of the Weimar Republic, the beginning of the Dustbowl era, Japan''s brutal invasion of China along with the crash of worldwide financial markets.

2012 has reputation for being the end of Mayan calendar, the date that the poles may flip and various other prophecies. I chose 2010 because of its similarity to the one found around 1929. And because a year near 2012 has to stand for something when chosen.

The other reason for choosing comes from the fact the same three planets Saturn, Uranus and Pluto all fall into similar but different patterns. This commonality along with those mentioned above happening as I write this offers to rich a a soil not to exploit. I am certain this survey will provide useful lesson in both mundane astrology and the foundation on which we venture through life everyday. The past never really dies. It lives everyday through different eyes.

1929-1933

This configuration, a ((T-Square)) represents one side of our comparison. The black line between ((Saturn)) and ((Pluto)) represents the ((opposition)), a 180° angle. In ((square)) 90° to both lay ((Uranus)). Altogether these three planets bring together the historical frequencies: ((Saturn-Pluto)), ((Saturn-Uranus)) and ((Uranus-Pluto)) that connect these periods to events easily relatable to 1848, with 1905, and 1917 looking back, 1939-1942, 1947 and 1965 looking forward.

2008-2012

This T-square points to both why the two periods appear similar but different. The same frequencies make up both configurations--the Saturn-Pluto, Saturn-Uranus and Uranus-Pluto waves apply. However, in the period surrounding 2010 the opposition occurs between Saturn and Uranus, instead of Saturn and Pluto. By extension this ((Saturn-Uranus oppostion)) has squares to each end, a ((lower square)) (90°) between Uranus and a Saturn-Pluto an upper square)) (270°) [((1982Saturn-270-Pluto2018))]. This sets the foundation for the second part of our discussion,

The Wave Connections

The ((Wave Model)) represents the key to measuring history via the other planets. Once we connect the waves to history we can easily follow the paths between now, the future and the past.

This comparison highlight two ((Uranus-Pluto Waves)): ((1849Uranus-Pluto1964)) and ((1965Uranus-Pluto2100)). By definition each wave has four distinct sections demarcated by ((quadrate alignments)) where, along the wave the planets interact in manner that are represented on the wave by the crossing of the x and y axis.

This wave form retains the same proportions across any assigned time span, by extension providing the five reference points in every case. In our case we simply apply the model across each wave: Saturn-Pluto, Saturn-Uranus and Uranus-Pluto. The wave sets vary according to chronological position; the wave set for the 1930 T-square differs from the 2010 one. Ultimately, however, all the waves connect in one way or another.

Highlights

Many years should jump out to any historian. Starting with the larger picture 1849 instantly connects to the Revolutions of 1848 that defined much of the second half of the XIXth century and laid the foundation for the major themes of the XXth. Though the revolutions of 1848 failed at the time, they affected governments and governance across the board. The response came in the form of opening up vogter rolls or a tightening of laws in places that feared change. The Communist Manifesto reached the streets in 1848, leaving an indeliable mark still influencing us The Women''s and Abolitionist movements emerged near this time, one also of the Potato Famine that started a wave of Irish emigration to the United States. In general, this period also signaled the complete shift into industry. By this time railroads laced across almost all continents and the factories increasingly became part of the landscape rather than an oddity. The beginning of the electrical era had also begun, with telegraphs quickly reaching a communication standard.

New Worlds, New Powers

Jumping forward to the halfway point of 1849Uranus-Pluto1964 we reach the period around 1906, falling a year after the failed 1905 Revolution and in the midst of Progressive of Populist movements across the world. In many locations now familiar troublespots connected to the upcoming ''Great War'' began to push against the remnants of decaying empires. The Young Turks troubled Turkey, emerging as an influential, if dangerous influence; across the Balkans ill-defined territorial rights clashed with nationalism, helping set the fuse that would explode into war the next decade; new factors emerged as one of the cause for revolt and general strikes in Russia come from its loses to Japan, in the East, introducing a new player to the global stiage; also new to the world came Einstein''s Theory of Relativity, a then unknow world-altering discovery, along with these came the airplane, mass-produced automobiles and the first radio transmissions.

Are They the Similar?

Economics

1929

2010

Politics

1929

2010

Culture

1929

2010

Statehood

1929

2010

A blog relevant to the Measuring History Series relevant to current events. Every post is open to comment.

What is Industrialism 2.0?

I want to start by claiming the moniker "Industrialism 2.0". As far as I know no one uses the term so unless someone presents evidence to the contrary, remember you heard it here first.

Industrialism 2.0 represents the attempt to reach sustainability. The term arises because, quite simply, we have yet to move beyond Industrialism 1.0. In all likelihood we presently reside at something like Industrialism 1.95.99. Some industries have likely moved on to Industrialism 2.0, but until we do so collectively we languish in our first attempts to move beyond an agrarian only society.

How Did We Get Here?

To establish our perspective, we need remember the how the ((Industrial Revolution)) began and the issues it meant to address.

British Origins

The Industrial Revolution began and thrived in Britain. The many reasons it did also accounts for much of the residue Industrialism leaves behind.

The steam engine began in the coal mines as a way to pump out water. It went through many levels of development before reaching the ability to transport goods and people. Coal, a fuel abundant locally gave incentive to improve methods as well as making a cheap source of power. England, before bringing other polities into union, gained wealth through the woolen trade. Eventually, the English invented the ''putting out system'', a cottage industry where people turned raw wool into finished product from their homes. Since higher productivity mean higher profits, owners constantly sought ways of delivering more goods in less time. Around 1733, the ''flying shuttle'' loom increased productivity by reducing labor. The next major development came with the ''power loom'' that used the steam technology that had grown up in the mines. The final ingredient that led to Industrialsim revolved around who held capital. Generally, this fell to landowners (who also provided sheep). These ''gentlemen'' tended to belong to the landed gentry, generally giving them access to Parliament, a powerful body in XIXth century Britain.

The leap from the ''puttng out system'' to factory required little effort, especially since with the ''power loom'', women (and children) produced the same amount as men. The putting out system provided a merchant network, but the work moved to factories now powered by abundant coal (made more so with transportation and hydraulics). That these merchants had so much influence with Parliament abetted the zoning of factories and the grant of privileges. All of these factors created the foundations on which Industrialism grew. They also left the legacy that finds us on the precipice of a planet that may longer sustain human-life as humans have grown accustomed to.

Next: The Legacy

The next post helps us see how and why we find ourselvese in this circumstance. The legacy of how the Britsh spanned the planet also contributed to the reasons we stay tied to industry and why we have trouble moving to the next step.

Industrialism 1.0: The Next Step

Almost as the Britih establsihed industry, they butted against the need to sell goods produced. In addition the industrial machine requires reliable natural resource supplies. Besides coal and wool Britain had to go elsewhere to secure these. Also, as industry grew and other professions grew in support, the need to feed workers grew as well. Sooner or later, the island nation needed to import food, a requirement that has only grown with our current level of globalisation. Indeed, these issues have only grown more acute as more and more move to manufacturing or service economies. Industrialism created an interdependence that likely has no end in site.

Opening Markets

People need to buy goods to keep the industrial system going. The British and even the European market could only provide enough customers to justify factories needed to generate profits for all investors. To the British advantage, their control of the seas and overseas colonies provided a natural mechanism for opening and controlling markets. But the British took the system beyond finding places to sell goods, a limited prospect since developing countries had little to spend. Instead the no sunset Empire sought resources they could exploit while restricting any competition to British made goods.

Means to an End

Of course, very few in the lands the British dealt with could afford the goods offered. But banking grew in parallel to the sea-power the island nation nourished. After a time Pax Britannia included the full trappings of the colonial machine. Debts led to power that the navy could back. The British also took advantage of local rivalries by backng one potentate over another in exchange for concessions. By all of these means did the British and then the rest of Europe intertwine their ways with cultures across the globe. Thus, from the 1820s on competition among European states moved overseas, each trying to gain a foothold over another in places where few laws existed if at all. The tiniest of nations, including embroynic Belgium, found ways to leverage more and more territory across the world. These efforts set up a two way dependency we still live with.

Globalisation 2.0

Our current bout with globalisation hardly represents the first experience with the process. Globalisation 1.0 spanned the period from the Portuguese sailed along the coast of Africa up to the beginning of the Industrialism. That time included discovery and colonization, a process fairly well that followed state needs. Though, of course, this classification is a rough one, it is meant to separate the period where industry both drove policy and commercial activity more than the state did.

Railroads played integral in globalisation. All nations could instantly see the benefit and moved to obtain them. This opened up areas all across the globe, granting access to resources and markets almost immediately. Of course, railroads also came with its own needs and made people see the world in vastly different terms. Time and schedules, planning and communication and the industries that provided them became universal needs across the globe. It also changed the face of labor since trains increasingly transported people away from their home territories to places of work. The extreme example comes with Chinese imported to build railroads in the USA. It also meant that cities could and did arise from almost nothing; many British cities arose specifically around industry.

Exploiting Resources

Natural resources drive the industrial system. Machines cannot run without them, but they also make the tapping of resources more efficient. Humans literally gained the ability to move mountains. To many the war against nature had come to an end and humans one.

Where We Are Now

All of these developments bring us up to today. One could suggest that we have evolved past these issues, but closer examination shows we have not. In fact the issues have multiplied into a more acute problem. China and India fairly well followed the same path, and no other nation can claim the right to deny their progress. In order for each country to compete, for its people to lead productive (read: pay taxes), it now must do so globally. If anything, interdependence accelerates everyday; in the US, a weak dollar drives gasoline costs higher, in turn feeding inflation down the line; rice prices jumped suddenly with the failure of Australia''s crop due to drought. But nature only represents only part of the cause. Previously, local crop failure only effected a limited region. Now, decisions and actions on the other side of the globe directly affects another.

Where We Are Now

Why the vulnerability? After all, this is the ((21st century)), not a more primitive past when little in life was assured. Surely people know how to fix problems now. Maybe.
\r\n

And maybe this is what the 21st century will be about - a great unraveling of some things long taken for granted.

Expectations

Taking our advances for granted certainly seems to represent a theme of Industrialism 1.0. Somewhere along the way industrialism ceased to amaze and became a work-horse. Global Warming? Science will solve it with technology. We can fly a man to the moon, why can''t we [FILL IN THE BLANK]. In the meantime, we fail to notice what progress brings. In fact we may progress our way of existence. The Global Market

In this article, we learn that Indian farmers must decide between planting "designer" crops like baby corn for more money or wheat, a crop more can afford, for less money. These farmers must also decide between selling their land to developers or braving their traditional liveliehood, albeit one that increasingly includes global competition. Indeed, we all compete globally, giving a feeling that we fight against some invisible force. Two forces work simultaneously here. Globalization provides more people more opportunity than ever before. On the other side of the equation we seem to close to the limits of carrying capacity. We know the bus is going to fast, but no one seems to know how to get the driver to slow down.

The map to now appears here and here. In summary, these posts detail how the roots present industrial legacy date back to its British introduction and how those roots determine the fruit the trees of industry now bear. China, India, Brazil and others only follow the path the British cleared, a natural expectation.

What Is Industrialism 2.0 ?

Industrialism 2.0 removes the learned but feigned ignorance of the previous version. It recognizes the long-term effects of its implementation. It recognizes the the global impact of its actions.. It realizes that progress, no matter how fervent cannot deny the laws of physics. Mostly, it celebrates the here and now instead of always expecting the future to save the flaws of the present.

Moving From Version 1.0 to 2.0

When new software first reaches the market both developers and users generally react with excitement. New users try new features and find new ways to perform tasks more quickly. Of course, everyone deals with the learning curve differently depending on their level of computer literacy. Additionally, some may not get 1.0 until 2.0 is released. But no matter how good the initial version turns out both developers and users find issues requiring improvement. Developers can streamline code or add features, bugs that only show up with use require attention, improved hardware allows developers to add new components. Most using computers in some way know how this proceeds in some form or another. What happens when apply this process from moving from Industrialism 1.0 to 2.0? Much the same. Initially, industrialism answered many concerns. It helped us perform old tasks much more quickly. It also helped people perform tasks theretofore too costly or impossible. But as we have seen, some issues cropped up that require attention. Globlization helps many but simultaneously destroys others lives. Global warming alters the climate permanently as do various forms of pollution. Transportation and food costs become subject to international events beyond local control. This interconnectedness even extends to real estate, wages and prices. The weakness of the American dollar contributes to higher gas prices in the United States, for example.

The Transition

The metaphor for software extends to industrialism in other ways. Some people adapt early, others find themselves in better positions to take advantage. Some cultures can take advantage while others still learn the initial version. The learning curve will likely be steep. As far as I know, I am the only one who has synthesized this need into a process. I expect that it will take a few years before this idea even gains acceptance, let alone reaches critical mass. Some transition already proceeds, akin to how developers create helper programs for the initial software version that finds its way into the update. In summary, do not expect the transition to happen all at once.

A Final Definition

Before I move onto the outer planet connections to Industrialism 2.0 in the next post I want to define what Industrialism 2.0 looks like.

Timeframe

Since we have already altered nature we cannot simply turn back the past. The human footprint has forever altered our ecosystem. We must realize that no matter what happens, our planet will adapt and survive. We cannot make the same claim for our species. Ironically, our ability to reason and adapt makes us vulnerable to our own self-destruction. More ironically, were the worse case scenario to play out, our demise would come at the hands of our not using what makes humans human to the best of of our ability.

Next: The Outer Planet Connections to Industrialism 2.0

My next post will trace the roots of industrialism forward to our time and help provide a possible timeline for determining whether or not we have moved into the transitional phase or not.

Beyond Chronology

Standard history connects dots from one time to another. Nothing wrong with that approach. But what if we could move beyond this technique to one that connects related topics neutrally, with less subjectivity. Measuring History does just that. Instead of simply chronicaling history by, in this case, only according to the spans between Neptune-Pluto alignments. Or in the case of standard history, simply by subjective (but accurate) divisions determined by archaelogy or similar methods. As it turns out, measuring history provides such objective measurements. I will be the first to admit, this revelation only came by accidental discovery, not by design.

Despite method of discovery, measuring history via the outer planets helps us see history in new and useful ways. Instead of a simple, linear march through time, measuring history helps paint in big pictures we see all at once.

Structuring Time

Comparing Histories

Now that we have established the fact that we can measure history using the regular increments of outer planet alignments, how do we use this knowledge?

The first use leaps to mind with a history of the Cold War. This over four decade standoff between superpowers came about the 1947 Saturn-Pluto cojunction that began ((1948Saturn-Pluto1981)) wave.

By and around this time Stalin used his military position to enforce the Eastern Bloc, installing puppet leaders on whom he could depend. Neither the United States and especially the United Kingdom had the resources to challenge the USSR and Stalin knew it. The story goes on from here but we can make more than one choice in ways to study this segment of our history

We can go forward tracking the turning points of the episode by quarterly alignment or we can proceed backwards along the same path. Whatever direction we look, we see signatures unique to Satuirn-Pluto frequencies. The 1915, 1922, 1930, 1940 checkpoints read like the history of the founding of the Soviet Union.

\r\n{maketoc}
\r\nThe French Revolution still stands as one of the signature events of all time. It heralded the final shift away from feudal practices.
\r\n
\r\n<h2>1648: Historical & Astrological Roots</h2>
\r\nThe roots of the French Revolution firmly established themselves around 1648.
\r\n<h3>End of Thirty Years War</h3>
\r\n
\r\nFrance clearly emerged as a winner of the Thirty Years War. England never involved itself in the conflict and found itself distracted by its leadership crisis. Germany, of course, ended more fragmented than ever. Italy fairly well suffering the same fate. Though the Dutch also emerged victorious from the fight with Spain, the size of its population and economy never proved a threat to the rest of Europe. Spain and the Church emerged as the biggest losers of the Thirty Years War. The former, long the most substantial rival to the French, after this point completed its spiral of decline to the point that it looked to its former adversary about half-century from this point. The French had always enjoyed a more beneficial relationship with Rome, but result of the Peace of Westphalia only strengthed its position. Not falling to the same degree of detriment as these two, but nonetheless losing some influence was the other large power in Europe, the Hapsburghs. Though, still a powerful block, its position indicated that this family at this time began to look more to past glory than the modern world of the future. Keep in mind as well that the French never really committed any troops to the conflict, having backed whomever it felt offered France the best advantage. Hence, with no real rivals, the largest population in Europe, a fertile agricultural sector and strong merchant sector, France should be considered as the \\"superpower\\" of the mid XVIIth century. Nonetheless, some issues loomed within the French sphere.
\r\n<br />
\r\n((Louis XIV)) ascended to the throne in 1643 at five years-old, obviously too young to rule. His regency eventually passed to Cardinal Mazarin , successor to Cardinal Richelieu. With this effective leader the nobility had major issues, one that foreshadowed things to come: taxes. Also in play were rights granted accumulatively over time to towns, regions and nobility, again mostly revolving issues of revenue. These issues exploded into an affair known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde">Les Frondes.</a>
\r\n<h3>Les Frondes</h3>
\r\nDespite France emerging as winner from the Thirty Years War, the costs of fighting it still brought the treasury to near bankruptcy.As became common during these centuries, the monarch, often tied to fixed incomes, constantly needed new forms or revenue. This search served as root cause for Les Frondes. A two pronged affair, the first pitted the <em>parlements</em> a form of appeals court across France, who refused Mazarin\\''s edict for taxation. The parlement of Paris riled the citizenry who threatened the royalty of exile. The affair ended with the return of soldiery from the Thirty Years War. But the latter also brought nobles who wanted to maintain ancient rites of revenue and taxation. Since the nobles fought amongst themselves, they essentially canceled out their power. In the end this gave Louis XIV the means and motivation to keep this group in check. This dynamic serves as a strong foundation of the French Revolution.
\r\n<h3>Age of Reason</h3>
\r\n
\r\nThe French Revolution more than any other previous uprising ended revolving around the realm of ideas. The revolution fairly well brought the Enlightenment to its end. This cultural movement came directly from the Age of Reason, itself, an attempt to answer the questions that Aristotle and Plato had failed to. This movement, of course led to the Scientific Revolution and the tendency to approach life rationally rather than through spirituality. With the Age of Reason came Hume and Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau and the <em>philosophes</em>, to whom many participants of the uprising looked to for inspiration. That a rational only approach could not work was something that could only be discovered through hard reality proved a major lesson.
\r\n<h3>Enlightened Despotism</h3>
\r\n
\r\nThe monarchs of the time found their power because of constant need of revenue and their ability to negate the noble classes. Because of a continual need for modernization, accountants, engineers, professors and other professionals came more and more into demand. Nobles could not build bridges, design weaponry or build economies. Merchants, looked on with derision, nonetheless held the power of the purse both against the nobility and the monarchy. With nobles only getting in the way, the king increasingly dealt directly with this fourth estate. This dynamic led directly to the circumstance that exploded in 1789.
\r\n<h3>The Third Estate</h3>
\r\n
\r\nThe whole affair proved that money without power only leads to frustration. But more than anything, the French Revolution highlighted that tradition had to fall away to modern concerns. The monarchy never recovered from Louis XIV\\''s wars against most of Europe. Because it ignored the nobility instead of reforming it, the burning issue of taxation festered until explosion at the end of the 18th century. In fact the situation got worse since to raise revenue, the government resorted to the one time sale of offices that included the privilege of tax avoidance. More and more the burden of funding France fell on the bourgeoisie and with it came less services and security, a fact magnified by bread shortages of the time. We should also keep in mind that many French had intimate connections to American affair that centered around \\"taxation without representation\\".
\r\n
\r\nAs with most history pivot points, no one cause can explain the French Revolution. Instead, many factor led to the uprising that engulfed all of Europe and reverberates down to our time. Instead, may issues came to unsolvable conclusions that many saw the complete rejection of the past the only viable alternative. what readers will find fascinating is how closely outer planet movements match the consequence of ignoring the realities of the time. What we learn below may offer clues to handling similar situations.
\r\n
\r\n<h2>Astrological Importance</h2>
\r\n
\r\n{attachment id=24}
\r\n<h3>((Neptune opposite Pluto: 1644-1648))</h3>
\r\nThe opposition exactly bifurcates the ((1398Neptune-Pluto)) wave
\r\nwith the period from 1398 to 1648 looking backward for answers and the second half looking forward. Since an overwhelming theme of the wave centers around how Christianity morphed from a political force to simply religious advisory role,w e should not be surprised that religion played a central role to the French Revolution back to this time. ((Descartes))\\'' \\''I think, therefore I am\\'' gave permission to question all. Questions abounded, reaching the point where ((Voltaire)), venerated as a saint of the cause rejected all religion as superstitious nonsense that could only harm. This attitude left people without answers. While many agreed that the Church no longer served the needs of the people, no one know how to find a suitable replacement. This doubt left the Revolution without a moral center and resulted in attempt to replace worship of God, with worship to the nation of France. In <a href=\\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0141002239?ie=UTF8&tag=mundaneastrol-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0141002239\\">Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots, and Revolutionaries, 1776-1871</a>, Adam Zamoyski states:
\r\n<blockquote>Human emotions needed something richer to feed on than a
\r\nmere ''system'' if they were to be engaged. And engaged they must be, for
\r\nif removed religious control of social behavior and the monarchs
\r\nrole as ultimate arbiter, the very fount-head of civil sanction would dry
\r\nup something had to be put in their place. The question was ultimately
\r\nhow to induce people to be good in a godless society.</blockquote>
\r\n
\r\nOf course, understanding the need to substitute who the people worship with the mechanisms that encourage the substitution and the actual methods of doing so differ completely. Indeed, the exercise is likely impossible, but since no one had attempted the switch, particularly, on such a large scale, how could anyone have known. The more important point here centers around the insecurity the undermining of the Church meant to all. In fact, this topic deserves its own discussion, but the argument could be made that the ((morality the Church)) reneged on its duty to foment, has never been truly replaced. Certainly, the French never pulled off the attempt.
\r\n
\r\nThe important point to know about the Neptune-Pluto opposition is the that since religion had played such a central in all of European life, replacing it because of its corruption and its inability to keep up with changing times, the replacement came painfully, often accompanied by death and bloodshed. Theory is one thing, reality is another.
\r\n<h3>((Uranus conjunct Neptune: 1649))</h3>
\r\n
\r\nUranus aligned with Neptune in 1648 and would again in 1821. That Europe moved from the ((Scientific Revolution)) to the ((Industrial Revolution)) speaks volumes especially since Uranus opposite Neptune (see below) in 1786 appearing just before the Revolution, is part the 1648-1821 Uranus-Neptune wave. This wave connects closely to the widespread acceptance of new technologies by the general public. The Enlightenment would have meant nothing without the distribution of ideas. While the previous wave (1478-1648) saw the shift from purely religious titles to more secular ones, the steam turned into a flood after 1649. One reason the Revolution proved as popular as it did is that the populace came armed with ideas that could only have come from widely distributed printed material. To get an idea of how the people\\''s access to knowledge takes large leaps refer to ((1821)) and ((1992)).
\r\n<h3>((Uranus opposite Pluto: 1650))</h3>
\r\n
\r\n<h3>Saturn and all the Above: 1640s</h3>
\r\n
\r\n((Saturn)) transits to the three more remote planets brings their underlying social issues down-to-earth (<em>Of course, planets do not make humans do anything, it just seems that way</em>). At 1648 ((Saturn)) aligned with ((Pluto)) and opposed the ((Uranus-Neptune conjunction)). In 1792, Saturn aligned with Neptune just before it squared the Uranus-Pluto opposition. In a future exercise the connections between ((Saturn-Uranus)), ((Saturn-Neptune)) and ((Saturn-Pluto)) relationships will prove an interesting exercise. For now, remember to add the planet of reality to this equation.
\r\n<h3>((Uranus conjunct Pluto: 1707))</h3>
\r\n
\r\n<h3>((Uranus upper square Neptune: 1786))</h3>
\r\n
\r\nFor comparison consider the next occurrence of the <em>upper</em> square of Uranus to Neptune. This appeared in the years surrounding ((1955-56)), active from about 1952 through 1958. That proves to be still be a highly active period since it represents the root of many issues we still see today. Know that events of the Middle East, particularly the installation of the Shah with the help of the CIA and ((Suez Crisis)) instigated by President\\''s ((Nasser))\\''s nationalization of the waterway. This in turn altered the diplomatic framework that had developed since the ((1821 Uranus-Neptune conjunction)) forcing ((France)) and ((Britain)) to push for the formation of a ((European Union)) that reached reality in the ((Maastricht Treaty)) a the ((1992 Uranus-Neptune conjunction)).
\r\nI reference this to give the reader an idea of how to look for the connections between outer planet waves and history. In the case of this Uranus-Neptune upper square it firmly belongs to the 1649 Uranus-Neptune conjunction and can be tied to that event in four distinct ways: through the empowerment of Louis XIV; through French ascendancy after the ((Thirty Years War)); from the discoveries of the ((Enlightenment)) and from the inspiration of the ((English Civil War)). We can see how the first three events directly influenced the ((American Revolution)), which in turn highly inspired the minds of the French toward creating their own revolution. The need for such a drastic step comes from
\r\n<h3>((Uranus opposite Pluto: 1792))</h3>
\r\n
\r\n{attachment id=144}
\r\n
\r\n<h3>((Saturn relative to Uranus,Neptune and Pluto: 1780s))</h3>
\r\n
\r\n<h3>External Links</h3>

{attachment id=64}	{attachment id=63}
{attachment id=62}	{attachment id=53}

Measuring History: A Compendium

How to Measure History

The Scale

Measuring History: The Purpose

The Ultimate Goal

How to Use

Many Choices

Every Way is Correct

Where to Go

Logic of the Layout

The Books

((Measuring History: A Primer))

((Agricultural Revolution through Pre-dynastic Period))

((Bronze Age through Babylon''s Fall))

((Iron Age through Greek Dark Ages))

((Greece Rome and Other Cultures))

((Middle Ages))

((1648-Outer Planets Alignments of a Pivotal Year))

((Now and the Future))

((Auxillary Sections))

((Timelines))

((Basics))

((Bibliography))

((Links))

Dividing History

Measuring Across Time

What Are Outer Planet Waves?

Wave Rankings

Long-Term Waves

Another Proportion

Neptune-Pluto

Decadal Transits

Uranus Waves

Uranus-Neptune Waves

Uranus-Pluto Waves

1455-1848

1599-1710

1711-1848

1849-1965

Mid-Term Waves

Saturn-Uranus Waves

Saturn-Neptune Waves

Saturn-Pluto Waves

Short-Term Waves

Real World Wave Examples

1954Saturn-Neptune1989

Globalization: Step One

Why Measure History?

History as One

How to Measure History

Measuring History, The Series

Expectations

Measurement Strategy

Why Relationships Are Important

Angles & Aspects

Angles of Arc

Waxing and Waning

Outgoing or Waxing Aspects

Incoming or Waning Angles

Aspects at Work and Play

Transits

Tolerances and Orbs

Separation and Application

Major Transits

Minor Transits

Planetary Interactions

''Helper'' Planets and Midpoints

Planet in Signs

Wave Patterns - An Introduction

What are Planet Waves?

Planet Wave Naming Structure

Four Corners

Change of Direction

The Wave Model

Quadrate Alignment Conclusions

The Axial Age

A Triple Conjunction

The Combination

Stepping Forward

Stepping Back