<p>{maketoc}</p>
<h1>Why Relationships Are Important</h1>
<p>Both history and astrology revolve around relationships, the former trys to see how the past relates to the present and how various cultures relate to one another. Astrology tells us our relation to time by defining our position in the universe. In essence, measuring history eliminates a step by integrating astrological interpretation into the telling of history. The practice measures our relationship through using a predictable metaphor. How planets interact with one another, the angles planets make with one another, point to the same reason that we exist and can use the abiltity to predict their positions in the future. If our solar system turned out only sanglelighty differently, our very existence could not be gauranteed. Astrology and by extension measuring history essentially concentrates on how planets relate to one another cross time and attempts to interpret into useful observations and applications.</p>
<p>...page...</p>
<h1>Angles &amp; Aspects</h1>
<p>The angles we speak of here occur across the ecliptic plane. Planets also make angles of decelanation in relation to the x-axis represented by the same plane, but these mean little to us. The angles that Measuring History finds most useful are the ones that display our moon in phases. The moon moves in the same manner as every planet (our moon is considered a planet in astrology) does in our solar system. Indeed, the lunar characteristics of waxing and waning apply throughout our solar system and extends to our lives. These angles go back to the basics and relate to our us through simple numerology.</p>
<h2>Angles of Arc</h2>
<p>To represent planetary orbits and the cycles of life, astrology employs a circular metaphor. A circle does not truly depict planetary orbits since these because of their elliptical nature. Indeed, we need remember that astrology tries to represent our position in the universe from our perspective. Circles, angles and later, waves all use metaphors to describe our place in time.</p>
<p>A circle contains 360 degrees and astrology uses every one of them. It represents planetary orbit and cycles in time. It also represents the whole, the complete being. Since the angles of arc make up the circle, they stand for parts of the whole, ones that relate to one another part of the entire being or experience. For this reason these angles are known as aspects. Aspects must describe a person, system or cycle, and does not describe anything separate from the whole. In the same light, any aspect acts in relation to every other aspect and we should assess it in relation to every aspect that makes up the whole. This advice will make sense over the next few paragraphs.</p>
<h2>Waxing and Waning</h2>
<p>Whether we move toward or way from something matters quite a bit. Moving toward a goal has different connotations than moving on to a new life. Though in some ways moving toward also requires a moving away but overall direction dictates intention. The best illustration of this we see with the lunar cycle. From ((New Moon)) to ((Full Moon)) the moon moves to full; from Full Moon to New it moves away from light. Of course, we could reverse the goals but the dynamic remains the same. This concept introduces the complementary concept of yin and yang that permeates our lives. Light and dark, hot and cold, female and male all represent complementary compenents that act indendently yet require the other to complete the whole. In the case of the lunar cycle the whole stands for the entire cycle, during which we have a moving to light phase (waxing) and a moving away one (waning). Notice too the reflective characteristics of the lunar month; the Full Moon is the opposite of the New Moon as the ((First Quarter Moon)) reflects the ((Last Quarter Moon)). This gives us the ability to compare one side of the other, while at the same time keeping the unique nature each side carries in comparison to the other.</p>
<h2>Outgoing or Waxing Aspects</h2>
<p>Both the outgoing and incoming aspects listed below appear in order of importance to mundane astrology. No apect is stronger than another, but some prove easier to read. Their ranking here is based on the desire for clarity.</p>
<p>Outgoing aspects get the descriptor 'lower' from the ways astrologers read charts. From the east side of the chart on the left (charts reflect the sky and are seen in reverse like a mirror) moving toward the bottom around the circle thus puting any aspects below the horizon in the 'lower' portion, versus the 'upper' portion on the top.</p>
<ul>
    <li>0&deg;/360&deg; - Conjunction: At the New Moon the Sun and Moon align at the same degree. This sets up lunar cycle for the rest of the month. If the New Moon falls in Leo, then the Full Moon should fall in the opposite Aquarius. Thus the conjunction sets up the whole, the entire cycle. What happens at the conjunction stands as the seed moment for everything to follow. This goes back to the circle representing the whole. This very much falls into the characteristic of seminal times. They represent the history makes a moment seminal and offer the potential of all that lies ahead.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
    <li>180&deg; - Opposition: The reason the opposition ranks second on this list comes from the fact that&nbsp; alignments along the axis seems to point to moments that define the whole that we spoke of above. This time equates to the Full Moon when the moon appears in full light. All that will be revealed is seen at this time (remember this means that half of it remains hidden to us). As we will learn with examples that follow this metaphor apply to history. Hellenization that definitively spread Greek culture to a swath from Persia to modern Spain took hold at the midpoint of a Neptune-Pluto cycle; Islam also went from regional to transregional at halfpoint of another of these cycles; the Twin Tower disaster occurred almost exactly as the cycle 1981-2018 between Saturn-Pluto reached halfway. More important than the events themselves, they define the period for which they turn up as the midpoint. The opposition clearly defines the main issues and focus of a period. <br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In a personal, corporate or national chart oppositions point to a need and ability to see the world objectively. Oppositions connote all sorts of contact with the sources outside spheres of influence. The constant mix with different people and groups typically brings a tendency to adjust, while simultaneously presenting a need to often confront outside forces.<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; While the opposition consists of two 90&deg; segments, we can also see it as consisting three 60&deg; degree ones, while the squares (90&deg;) point to the need to overcome challenges, the sextile (60&deg;) confers the opportunities to overcome them.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
    <li>90&deg; - Lower Square: The squares play a central in measuring history. During any cycle squares appear halfway between the conjunction and the opposition. If the conjunction represents the seminal moment and the opposition the essence of what a cycle stands for, then the square falls somewhere in between. Yes, a simple observation, but one that offers fertile output. When we move from seminal moment to full essence, we imply a process that takes us from on step to another.<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp; An easy example comes by switching to the zodiac model. The solar year begins at 0&deg; Aries, the Vernal Equinox. Its opposite, the Autumnal Equinox at 0&deg; Libra. We move from the first day of Spring to the first one of Fall and back again. Directly half way between each of these reflective days lie the Summer and Winter Solstices, depending on time of year. Each year this happens, no matter what happens in our lives. At Spring, the day and night stand in balance with a vector toward light, Fall mirrors spring with the bias toward dying light. At the solstices both day and night reach their peak. For every year these peaks of light or dark, along with the equinoxes represent tipping points, the extremes the earth takes in its orbits through time. Each one of these squares applies to every other planet in our solar system, in the same manner that the yearly orbit through the zodiac reflects the lunar journey, with the First and Last Quarter Moons matching the solstices. Both the lower and upper squares both work as essential measuring devices, providing standard places to check on how history progresses from one stage to another.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
    <li>120&deg; - Lower Trine: In between the turning points of the lower square and the opposition there are no turning points. Critical junctures teach lessons and these lessons must take place somewhere. Also, at some point natural tendencies and abilities shine through. That is what happens at the trine. Whatever a cycle stands for this where the advantages lie. At times or in charts where trines appear we typically see areas of flow and ease. They are not as recognizable or critical as the turning points, but in their way just as important. The quadurate alignments at 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees represent the tests, the tipping points that determines history's vectors. See the trine as a peak of all that comes between these times.<br>
    The Lower Trine comes after the Lower Square putting lessons or issues at the square to use. The square tests character, the trine puts character in action. The signs Gemini and Libra stand 120&deg; apart in ((Air)) signs; the mental energy of one simply flows to another, no translation required. In Mundane Astrology, trines indicate stable but steady growth.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
    <li>60&deg; - Lower Sextile: The sextile arrives between the seed moment and the first testing point of the lower square. This position coonotes a sense of awareness, of moving beyond the trauma of birth. Once a cycle or process reaches stability, we venture to self-discovery, creating a sense of exploring options. There is not as much flow as with the trine, but opportunities arise here.</li>
</ul>
<p>...page...</p>
<h2>Incoming or Waning Angles</h2>
<ul>
    <li>270&deg; - Upper Square: The upper square mirrors the lower square but also carries its own unique properties. Since it falls after the opposition this position of test deals more with letting go than acquiring. At this point a more wisended view leans toward prepartion for the next step rather than a sense of absoring the new.</li>
    <li>240&deg; - Upper Sextile:</li>
    <li>300&deg; - Upper Trine:</li>
</ul>
<ul>
    <li>360&deg;/0&deg; - Conjunction:</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Aspects at Work and Play</h2>
<p>This topic gets more coverage below but warrants some mention here. An aspect needs not reach exactness for it be valid. In ((birth charts)) and ((national charts)) aspects between planets other than the Sun or Moon within 6&deg; are close enough to be in aspect. Aspects between the Sun and Moon and another planet within 8&deg; are considered valid; 10&deg; works between the Sun and Moon.</p>
<p>When 'helper planets' fall into common aspect with another planet, all three planets fall into aspect. If planet A and planet B are not quite in aspect, but planet A and planet C are in inspect and planet B and C are in aspect then planet A falls into aspect with planet B.&nbsp;</p>
<h1>Transits</h1>
<p>Transits translate to aspects in action. They can occur between two or more planets moving in relation to each other or they also prove useful in relaition to static charts such as natal or national ones.</p>
<h2>Tolerances and Orbs</h2>
<h2>Separation and Application</h2>
<h2>Major Transits</h2>
<h2>Minor Transits</h2>
<p>...page...</p>
<h1>Planetary Interactions</h1>
<h2>'Helper' Planets and Midpoints</h2>
<p>As hinted above, other planets can trigger aspects, extending a transits lifetime by a few years. Of course, this is an illusion since the planets do not compell us to act. Nonetheless, the mapping we will move onto shows that history does mirror planetary interactions. The text in this section best applies to ((The Outer Planets and the Onset of WWI: A Visual Guide)) and similar exercises in ((1648)).</p>
<h2>Planet in Signs</h2>
<p>...page...</p>
<h1>Wave Patterns - An Introduction</h1>
<h2>What are Planet Waves?</h2>
<h2>Planet Wave Naming Structure</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>