* 1: Outer Planets as a Measuring Device * 1.1: A Matter of Scale * 1.2: The Outside Describes the Inside * 1.3: A New View of History Using outer planet interactions to view history provides new abilities that standard techniques cannot: a scale against which to measure. Where with the methods we recognize history stands alone, outer planet measurement uses easily calculable increments that occur along side the march of time. * 1.3.1: Compare and Contrast * 2: Primer Technology * 2.1: Angles, Transits and Other Planetary Interactions {maketoc} Why Relationships Are Important Both history and astrology revolve around relationships, the former trys to see how the past relates to the present and how various cultures relate to one another. Astrology tells us our relation to time by defining our position in the universe. In essence, measuring history eliminates a step by integrating astrological interpretation into the telling of history. The practice measures our relationship through using a predictable metaphor. How planets interact with one another, the angles planets make with one another, point to the same reason that we exist and can use the abiltity to predict their positions in the future. If our solar system turned out only sanglelighty differently, our very existence could not be gauranteed. Astrology and by extension measuring history essentially concentrates on how planets relate to one another cross time and attempts to interpret into useful observations and applications. ...page... Angles & Aspects The angles we speak of here occur across the ecliptic plane. Planets also make angles of decelanation in relation to the x-axis represented by the same plane, but these mean little to us. The angles that Measuring History finds most useful are the ones that display our moon in phases. The moon moves in the same manner as every planet (our moon is considered a planet in astrology) does in our solar system. Indeed, the lunar characteristics of waxing and waning apply throughout our solar system and extends to our lives. These angles go back to the basics and relate to our us through simple numerology. Angles of Arc To represent planetary orbits and the cycles of life, astrology employs a circular metaphor. A circle does not truly depict planetary orbits since these because of their elliptical nature. Indeed, we need remember that astrology tries to represent our position in the universe from our perspective. Circles, angles and later, waves all use metaphors to describe our place in time. A circle contains 360 degrees and astrology uses every one of them. It represents planetary orbit and cycles in time. It also represents the whole, the complete being. Since the angles of arc make up the circle, they stand for parts of the whole, ones that relate to one another part of the entire being or experience. For this reason these angles are known as aspects. Aspects must describe a person, system or cycle, and does not describe anything separate from the whole. In the same light, any aspect acts in relation to every other aspect and we should assess it in relation to every aspect that makes up the whole. This advice will make sense over the next few paragraphs. Waxing and Waning Whether we move toward or way from something matters quite a bit. Moving toward a goal has different connotations than moving on to a new life. Though in some ways moving toward also requires a moving away but overall direction dictates intention. The best illustration of this we see with the lunar cycle. From ((New Moon)) to ((Full Moon)) the moon moves to full; from Full Moon to New it moves away from light. Of course, we could reverse the goals but the dynamic remains the same. This concept introduces the complementary concept of yin and yang that permeates our lives. Light and dark, hot and cold, female and male all represent complementary compenents that act indendently yet require the other to complete the whole. In the case of the lunar cycle the whole stands for the entire cycle, during which we have a moving to light phase (waxing) and a moving away one (waning). Notice too the reflective characteristics of the lunar month; the Full Moon is the opposite of the New Moon as the ((First Quarter Moon)) reflects the ((Last Quarter Moon)). This gives us the ability to compare one side of the other, while at the same time keeping the unique nature each side carries in comparison to the other. Outgoing or Waxing Aspects Both the outgoing and incoming aspects listed below appear in order of importance to mundane astrology. No apect is stronger than another, but some prove easier to read. Their ranking here is based on the desire for clarity. Outgoing aspects get the descriptor 'lower' from the ways astrologers read charts. From the east side of the chart on the left (charts reflect the sky and are seen in reverse like a mirror) moving toward the bottom around the circle thus puting any aspects below the horizon in the 'lower' portion, versus the 'upper' portion on the top. * 0°/360° - Conjunction: At the New Moon the Sun and Moon align at the same degree. This sets up lunar cycle for the rest of the month. If the New Moon falls in Leo, then the Full Moon should fall in the opposite Aquarius. Thus the conjunction sets up the whole, the entire cycle. What happens at the conjunction stands as the seed moment for everything to follow. This goes back to the circle representing the whole. This very much falls into the characteristic of seminal times. They represent the history makes a moment seminal and offer the potential of all that lies ahead. * 180° - Opposition: The reason the opposition ranks second on this list comes from the fact that alignments along the axis seems to point to moments that define the whole that we spoke of above. This time equates to the Full Moon when the moon appears in full light. All that will be revealed is seen at this time (remember this means that half of it remains hidden to us). As we will learn with examples that follow this metaphor apply to history. Hellenization that definitively spread Greek culture to a swath from Persia to modern Spain took hold at the midpoint of a Neptune-Pluto cycle; Islam also went from regional to transregional at halfpoint of another of these cycles; the Twin Tower disaster occurred almost exactly as the cycle 1981-2018 between Saturn-Pluto reached halfway. More important than the events themselves, they define the period for which they turn up as the midpoint. The opposition clearly defines the main issues and focus of a period. In a personal, corporate or national chart oppositions point to a need and ability to see the world objectively. Oppositions connote all sorts of contact with the sources outside spheres of influence. The constant mix with different people and groups typically brings a tendency to adjust, while simultaneously presenting a need to often confront outside forces. While the opposition consists of two 90° segments, we can also see it as consisting three 60° degree ones, while the squares (90°) point to the need to overcome challenges, the sextile (60°) confers the opportunities to overcome them. * 90° - Lower Square: The squares play a central in measuring history. During any cycle squares appear halfway between the conjunction and the opposition. If the conjunction represents the seminal moment and the opposition the essence of what a cycle stands for, then the square falls somewhere in between. Yes, a simple observation, but one that offers fertile output. When we move from seminal moment to full essence, we imply a process that takes us from on step to another. An easy example comes by switching to the zodiac model. The solar year begins at 0° Aries, the Vernal Equinox. Its opposite, the Autumnal Equinox at 0° Libra. We move from the first day of Spring to the first one of Fall and back again. Directly half way between each of these reflective days lie the Summer and Winter Solstices, depending on time of year. Each year this happens, no matter what happens in our lives. At Spring, the day and night stand in balance with a vector toward light, Fall mirrors spring with the bias toward dying light. At the solstices both day and night reach their peak. For every year these peaks of light or dark, along with the equinoxes represent tipping points, the extremes the earth takes in its orbits through time. Each one of these squares applies to every other planet in our solar system, in the same manner that the yearly orbit through the zodiac reflects the lunar journey, with the First and Last Quarter Moons matching the solstices. Both the lower and upper squares both work as essential measuring devices, providing standard places to check on how history progresses from one stage to another. * 120° - Lower Trine: In between the turning points of the lower square and the opposition there are no turning points. Critical junctures teach lessons and these lessons must take place somewhere. Also, at some point natural tendencies and abilities shine through. That is what happens at the trine. Whatever a cycle stands for this where the advantages lie. At times or in charts where trines appear we typically see areas of flow and ease. They are not as recognizable or critical as the turning points, but in their way just as important. The quadurate alignments at 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees represent the tests, the tipping points that determines history's vectors. See the trine as a peak of all that comes between these times. The Lower Trine comes after the Lower Square putting lessons or issues at the square to use. The square tests character, the trine puts character in action. The signs Gemini and Libra stand 120° apart in ((Air)) signs; the mental energy of one simply flows to another, no translation required. In Mundane Astrology, trines indicate stable but steady growth. * 60° - Lower Sextile: The sextile arrives between the seed moment and the first testing point of the lower square. This position coonotes a sense of awareness, of moving beyond the trauma of birth. Once a cycle or process reaches stability, we venture to self-discovery, creating a sense of exploring options. There is not as much flow as with the trine, but opportunities arise here. ...page... Incoming or Waning Angles * 270° - Upper Square: The upper square mirrors the lower square but also carries its own unique properties. Since it falls after the opposition this position of test deals more with letting go than acquiring. At this point a more wisended view leans toward prepartion for the next step rather than a sense of absoring the new. * 240° - Upper Sextile: * 300° - Upper Trine: * 360°/0° - Conjunction: Aspects at Work and Play This topic gets more coverage below but warrants some mention here. An aspect needs not reach exactness for it be valid. In ((birth charts)) and ((national charts)) aspects between planets other than the Sun or Moon within 6° are close enough to be in aspect. Aspects between the Sun and Moon and another planet within 8° are considered valid; 10° works between the Sun and Moon. When 'helper planets' fall into common aspect with another planet, all three planets fall into aspect. If planet A and planet B are not quite in aspect, but planet A and planet C are in inspect and planet B and C are in aspect then planet A falls into aspect with planet B. Transits Transits translate to aspects in action. They can occur between two or more planets moving in relation to each other or they also prove useful in relaition to static charts such as natal or national ones. Tolerances and Orbs Separation and Application Major Transits Minor Transits ...page... Planetary Interactions 'Helper' Planets and Midpoints As hinted above, other planets can trigger aspects, extending a transits lifetime by a few years. Of course, this is an illusion since the planets do not compell us to act. Nonetheless, the mapping we will move onto shows that history does mirror planetary interactions. The text in this section best applies to ((The Outer Planets and the Onset of WWI: A Visual Guide)) and similar exercises in ((1648)). Planet in Signs ...page... Wave Patterns - An Introduction What are Planet Waves? Planet Wave Naming Structure * 2.2: Quadrate Alignments {maketoc} Four Corners We arrive at quadrate alignments when we divide any cycle by four. These divisions match ones that we see and use all of our lives. Businesses use quarters to gauge performance. We schedule our years in accordance to the four seasons. Each month we see four phases of the moon. As it turns out these divisions by four works out as valuable measuring device across time. The quadrate model used here comes directly from nature. We simply are looking for metaphors to reflect this reality and seeing how they extend to longer-range models. Change of Direction The metaphor we see does more than equate to these quarterly measurements. Human life equals change and how well a human or a collective deals with change reveals conditions all along the way. Both models used here, the wave and a circle both clearly depict that conditional change appears at four points along the way. The Wave Model {attachment id=21} * The wave model begins at 0° depicting an agreed to starting point or in many cases in this study the point in space where two or more planets share the same degree ((conjunction)). If this point were a continuation of a previous wave this point would represent the crossing on the x-axis, a move of one condition to the next. * Moving down the wave we reach the bottom of the trough at the 90° mark. Here the conditional change is directional. Astrologers term it a ((lower square)). * The next stop brings us to the 180° mark at another axis crossing. It's relation to 90° equals the same as the conjunction to the lower square. Like the 0°, the ((opposition)) crosses the x-axis. * The wave zenith at 270°, ((upper square)) mirrors the lower square; it also shares the same relationship to the opposition (180°) as the lower square (90°) does to the conjunction.

Universal Model

Universality makes this model a cogent one. It works for lunar cycles as seen below: or for a Neptune=Pluto wave that lasts between 492 and 495 years: On the next page we will uncover how the quadrate works in real life across time ...page...

Saturn's Orbit in Human Terms

Saturn's year covers approximately twenty-nine and half earth years. This time span closely matches the human development cycle: in general human metabolic rates peak about this age. In social terms, a Saturn cycle equals a human generation no matter the historical period making it a useful measuring device. Beyond matching human generations, Saturn's connection to humanity helps us see why quadrate alignments make great measuring tools and how we can apply to all aspects of social study.

Saturn's Quadrate Alignments

Using the same scale as before we can segment Saturn's orbit into the following wave quadrants. This list will also include generalities based on ages.

1st Quadrant: 0° to 90°

This stretch equates to ages between birth and seven years. Any child development expert would agree that these years prove critical in how a child moves forward in life. Most pertinent to our study how well a child adjusts at the second quadrate alignment (age seven/90°) ties into many factors found at the first. Social status, parental health, mental and physical, originating environment and many other factors found at birth go a long in determining how a child handles the transition around school age.

2nd Quadrant: 90° to 180°

This stretch from what school age to puberty of course was seen differently in hunter gatherer societies , for instance, but the dynamic still applies; at this age a child must be less dependent on parents and showing progress. But school age makes more sense to us. Around seven children move from under their parents' wings. Again how well they adjust depends on the previous stage, and will test both the children and the parents. More and more children gain independence but still fall under parental responsibility. The challenges grow especially as sexual hormones become a factor.

3rd Quadrant: 180° to 270°

As the wave crosses the x-axis the child reaches puberty bringing up new issues. Obviously these will vary for boys and girls (going back to the reality set at birth (0°). For women menstruation and pregnancy arise. For young men hormones and confusion reign. Parents must deal with these in the best possible while also facing growing independence. The now teenager must also begin to make his or her plans for the future, all of course dependent on social mores and expectations--in Middle Age societies this planning fell to parents who arranged marriages, in the USA teenagers looking to enroll in college must consider a plethora of factors including outside activities as well as grades. Most important to remember here is that the former child now takes on her/his lifelong appearance and behavior though the march to adulthood is far from over.

4th Quadrant: 270° to 360°

At this point the now adult moves into the final stages of adulthood. Both the parents and the "child" long for exit from the nest. Depending on previous stages along the wave our subject nears college graduation, has entered the job market or begins this independent stage dependent on others. By the end of Saturn cycle (29 1/2 years) many become or consider becoming parents. Women face the biological clock. At the very least those nearing thirty are expected to fend for themselves if not contribute to society. At this point, known as the ((Saturn Return)) people also begin to face their mortality, the invulnerability of youth disappearing with each day. ...page...

Interdependent Points

We discuss ((Saturn and the Human Growth Cycle)) elsewhere. The emphasis here belongs on how each point on the wave, especially the crossing of axes (x at 0°/180; y at 90°/270°) depends on every other point. How a child adapts to their first release into the world around seven depends on conditions set at birth (0°) and what and how the child fares up to age seven (90°) contribute to how the child takes the next step. The same goes the 180° mark around 14-15 but with the added checkpoint of 90° added in. This proceeds all the way through the cycle until the ((Saturn Return)), starting over with different concerns until the next return around age fifty-eight. No one point on the entire wave, including those not at quadrate alignments. operates alone, just as someone does not turn twenty-one, for example, without a history to go with it. Each point on the wave belongs to the wave and cannot be considered separate from it. Seeing this integrity proves easy for known history, a bit trickier for projecting into the future. Projecting into future has its own concerns and receives separate treatment.

Examples in History

An example that relates to electronics ((Uranus, Neptune and the Development of Electricity)) shows how electricity moved from theory to ((1821)) to electronics ((1992)) and mass acceptance. Two short examples covering recent events will not only help show how outer planet quadrate alignments tie to history, but provides material for later use

((1953Saturn-Neptune1989)) and Iran

{attachment id=45} Here we can easily see how events at each quadrate alignment relates to another. The 1979 Revolution at 270° still carries elements of the 360°/0° (1953 overthrow) and 90° (1962 land redistribution/Khomeini exile) forward; none of the events makes sense alone. ...page...

((1915Saturn-Pluto1947)): Setting the Stage for The Cold War

{attachment id=49} Keep in mind here as well that the entire 1915Saturn-Pluto1947 wave sets up the next: 1948Saturn-Pluto1981, the period that encompasses the main section of the Cold War mentioned later at ((Saturn and Outer Planet Waves)). Quadrate Alignment Conclusions Each of the alignments, whether as depicted along a wave or a circle represents a change of direction, both physically and as seen here, historically, . Though all the other transits, 30°, 60° and 120° also relay important information, the quadrate alignments more easily display themes that relate to history in connected, holistic manner. Compare a quadrate alignment to a historical event, fill in the five axis crossings points along the wave and it clearly limns the full historical picture. * 2.3: Wave Model Planetary waves describe the span between planet alignments. They are an imaginary device used to better describe the dynamics between planetary movement and the march of history. The diagrams below describe how the model works: {img src=http://mundaneastrology.net/bitweaver/essential/images/lunarwave.png width= height= align= description= link=} The wave model mirrors planetary movement by showing symmetry in different form. Both the 0°/180° and pairs 90°/270° mirror each other as do opposite sides all along the path of the wave. As they do the in the lunar model shown below:

Whether this model works in practice bears evidence for what we can term the 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 wave, showing that this span of history appears marked by the conjunctions between Neptune and Pluto. Additionally, 1398Neptune-90°-Pluto1892 marks the 90° milepost, one quarter through the wave; it\'s opposite, 270°,becomes 1821 and the opposite of 0°, 180° at 1648:


Thus1399Neptune-Pluto1892 can thus be seen in the segments of:
+((1398-1571)) +((1572-1648)) +((1649-1821)) +((1822-1892)) Throughout the 1399-1892 span an overwhelming theme can be seen as a break from tradition especially in regard to European civilization\'s relation with Christianity. 1398-1571 shows the first stage of the critical change of dynamic between the two forces: * 2.4: Outer vs Inner Planets * 2.5: Outer Planets Explained {maketoc}

Outer Planets Explained

The outer planets. listed below, relate to social and historical themes for the simple reason that their "years" last much longer than the ((inner planets)). Whereas Mars' year last about two of ours, Jupiter has a an orbit of twelve, Saturn one of twenty-nine and a half, Uranus eighty-four, Neptune 168 and Pluto 249. Keep in mind that ((planets)) should be seen as actors, the ones who move. Think of ((signs)) as the scenes through which the planets move. Hence, the inner planets have many scenes, experiences, much like we do on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. With issues dealing history or society, no one has the time to digest the many incidents we experience in the short periods the inner planets represent. On the other hand since, for instance, Saturn appears in the same sign only about three times a century, something much more easily notable. Extend this theme to where the return occurs once a century (Uranus), a little over a century and a half (Neptune) and two and half centuries (Pluto) and the 'historical' seems readily apparent.

((Jupiter))

Jupiter Year= ~12 Earth years. Known to astrologers as planet of expansion, likely because of its gaseous nature.

((Saturn))

Saturn year = 29.5 earth years. Astrologers tie this planet to structure, restriction and foundation. Many good reasons justify this association. Saturn orbits through our solar system as the last one visible to the naked eye, setting the limit our comprehension not requiring instrumentation.

((Uranus))

((Neptune))

((Pluto))

* 2.6: Outer Planet Waves {maketoc} What Are Outer Planet Waves? Outer planet waves simply stand as a metaphor to help understand how to tie outer planet movements to history. {attachment id=21} This model leads to elegant descriptions because the proportions remain the same no matter what planet wave we speak of. Whether we speak of ((906Neptune-Pluto1398)) that spans nearly five hundred years or ((1883Saturn-Pluto1915)) of about thirty-one, the model remains the same. These waves describe processes we know but take for granted like the phases of the Moon. {attachment id=7} or {attachment id=3} No matter how what planetary interactions we choose or how far we extend into the universe, the wave metaphor still applies. More than being applicable across time and space this measuring device describes feelings and realities we go through time and time again. Each process we venture upon has a beginning, middle, end and we recognize this consciously and unconsciously, but the wave breaks the process into more useful sections. Whatever the circumstance we see a seed moment, both a beginning and end, this seed needs time to grow before we recognize it for the object it has the potential to be. The span between "planting" and emergence is a critical time whether we speak of agriculture, child-rearing or project management. Just planting a seed does not guarantee its survival, especially in pre-modern times. Emergence depends on soil conditions, suitability of the seed to climate conditions, what kind of care is taken or is possible and so on. Again, success in the projects mentioned above must meet the same conditions. If we work on a project, the seed moment involves intial idea, organization, gathering of materials and setting deadlines and setting forth on the tasks required to complete. If we speak of human growth, we can consider the birth as the seed moment. For first time parents, the end of free time accompanies the beginning of life and the time between "seedling" and emergence can be depicted as follows: {attachment id=6} Store that this illustration displays a Saturn's orbit in wave form, we will return to it later. For humans emergence comes near the school age, around six or seven. How well a child emerges depends on her/his genetic composition-- a pumpkin seed will not produce a lemon--the care the child receives and the environment that sets the expectations. A hunter-gatherer child will have a different skill set to absorb than a modern one. From here we move past beginnings to a middle portion. Notice that from emergence to the half point of the onset conditions still persist. How someone plans a project, the care vegetation receives from seedling to root and leave growth reflects the conditions found at the midpoint of the wave. Nonetheless, at this half point, for humans this equates to puberty, we expect differently than what we do at the first portion of the cycle. The crop still requires regular care, but nurse it less. Children do not require the hour to hour attention they do at a younger age. In fact one who is smothered may be not be able to act as independently later. At puberty notice that the child takes on features our subject will have for the rest of her/his life, but we also know that the maturation process has a ways to go. A plant will produce buds, but the fruit must wait until it ripens. Teenagers can and some do have children, but physiologically and mentally the process continues. As far as the wave model we have moved from 0°/360° (seed) through emergence (90°) to budding (180°). At the seed moment we move across the x-axis to crossing the y-axis at the wave trough back to crossing the x-axis at midpoint. ...page... Wave Rankings For the same reasons that ((outer planets)) tell us more about history than ((inner planets)) do , we rank waves from the long-term to the short-term. History tied to short-term waves must take into account mid-term ones, mid-term historical trends operate within the long-term framework. The industrialism of Germany tied to ((1883Saturn-Pluto1915)) makes no sense within the frame of the ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) wave, but makes perfect sense within ((1849Uranus-Pluto1964)). Long-Term Waves The long term waves inlude between Neptune and Pluto, Uranus to Neptune and Uranus to Pluto. Of these the Neptune-Pluto wave most closely matches the ages most historians ranks as divisions marked by distinct turning points. Because of the wave ranking discussed above, might surmise that the ((Uranus Waves)) act as connective tissue between the Neptune-Pluto waves. Another Proportion Once this entire project comes together, I will publish an imagemap based on the following Timewheel(tm) model, but another wheel on the outside with corresponding events according to region or topic. Nonetheless, I noticed something that looked familair for the time wheels that represent each Neptune-Pluto Wave. {attachment id=34} Look for the text in black on the wheel on the two outer rings and you will see four in the outer and three in the middle one. The black text represent conjunctions that appear during a Neptune-Pluto wave span. Thus during each Neptune-Pluto wave we will see four Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and three Uranus-Neptune ones. Extending to ((quadrate alignments)) equal amounts of the above appear within each of the same increments, i.e., four Uranus-Pluto oppositions and four upper and lower squares etc and three Uranus-Neptune in each alignment category. This ratio matches the number of ((elements)) (3) and ((qualities)) found throughout the zodiac. The familiar elements cover the basic building blocks of life: ((fire)), ((earth)), ((air)) and ((water)), while the less known qualities ((cardinal)), ((fixed)) and ((mutable)) represent how things (the elements), move. Without movement all of the material objects in world do us no service at all. Seeing these Neptune-Pluto periods as we see the zodiac may further help us see history more holistically. Uranus-Pluto alignments act like the elements, offering us the building blocks of change. Is the change fiery, of a more cerebal nature (air)? Uranus-Neptune alignments relate to the quality of change. Is it change that establishes a change (fixed) or one that presents more opportuniity (mutable). Truthfully, this observation is as new to me as it is to the reader. The rant around it are not fully developed, but wa observation. ...page... Neptune-Pluto These waves average 493 years, a span conveniently near 500 year spans by which conventional historians typically segment history. Because of Pluto's lopsided orbit the wave segments do not fall into the quarterly measurements we might expect. For instance during ((1399Neptune-Pluto1892)) the quadrate alignments fall at 171 years, 71 years, 172s and 70 years respectively. Neptune-Pluto waves represent large changes in the collective mindset. Collective belief systems meet evolutionary changes. Neptune-Pluto Waves and Historical Ages The list below lines up quite well next to mainstream historical age divisions. Historians and readers smartly break history into digestable sections. Of course, various times in history warrant study as a cohesive unit, such as with the ((Roman Empire)) or ((The Bronze Age)). Almost too conveniently, Neptune-Pluto wave alignments come very close to matching turning points related to these two examples, for instance. ((82bceNeptune-Pluto409)) closely parallels the Roman Empire period. Yes, the traditional date begins with Julius Caeser's ascension to Emperor in 42bce, but the ((Socii Revolution)) of 82bce that determined his path tells a more complete story. Admittely, that the Bronze Age began with ((3062bceNeptune-Pluto2558bce)) might seem like a leap, since no definitive date exists, but we have a method for testing such conjecture ((The Outer Describes the Inner)) covers how each wave has an internal structure that connects events within a wave to one another. Both the history of Greece and the dawn of Modernism serve as great examples. ((576bceNeptune-Pluto85bce)): History by Quadruate Alignments * 576bceNeptune-0°-Pluto85bce: 576bce- Greece, particularly Athens reached a peak helped because its central location made it a commercial center. This brought them in competition to Persia and the Sparta as well as other city states. * 576bceNeptune-90°-Pluto85bce: 404bce - Greece and Sparta wars end at the expense of both. * 576bceNeptune-180°-Pluto85bce: 334bce - ((Alexander the Great)) of Macedon consolidates Greece defeats Persia; spreads Greek culture across large swaths of territory; as a result much of the west Asia and parts of Europe underwent Hellenization; this cultural shift created the headwater from which the river of western culture flowed. It is important to remember that ((Aristotle)) personally tutored Alexander; Aristotle's philosophical heritage leads directly back to ((Anaximander)), who at the beginning of the 576bce-85bce Neptune-Pluto wave had to be at the prime of his life. He and his colleagues ushered in the Greek element of the Axial Age, leading us back to Aristotle through ((Socrates)) and ((Plato)). * 576bceNeptune-270°-Pluto85bce: 168bce - The last Macedonian War. This, along with the Punic wars of fifty years previous gave full control of the Mediterranean, and further erasing another remnant of Greek glory. Hellenization continued but it came via Rome rather than Macedon or Athens. Decadal Transits Pluto's unique makes measuring so much fun! Because Pluto orbit's, pinched at one end, fat at the other contributes to Neptune-Pluto ((transits)) that last for decades rather than the normally eight to ten years of most Neptune-Pluto events. ...page... Uranus Waves The best way to gather meaning from these waves takes seeing them as a connected pair. Uranus-Pluto waves introduce new developments whether society wants them or not. Uranus-Neptune waves tend toward the acceptance of Uranus-Pluto ideas across the spectrum. Uranus-Neptune Waves These waves return to the same quadrate alignments every 172 years or so. This wave helps translate the collective evolutionary changes into new methods that develop as humans move through time. We must remember that these changes happen in parallel to ((Uranus-Pluto)) that coincide with societal changes that appear more abruptly. Uranus-Neptune waves on the other hand deal with the acceptance of revolutionary change. These changes typically revolve around new abilities to perform tasks and to perceive reality in different terms. The differences associated with these waves typically alter societies as much as those connected to with Uranus-Pluto alignments but the collective more readily accept the need to move to a new a paradigm. This characteristic certainly held true for during the last two ((conjunction))s of Uranus and Neptune, 1821 and 1993, respectively. Indeed we their waves easily trace back to the beginning of the Age of Reason when ((1650Uranus-Neptune1821)). That split from established doctrine engendered the creation of physics and the more complete understanding of physical forces, seen and unseen. Around 1821 and thereafter ((Michael Faraday)), took principles of natural philosophy and extended them into practical systems that laid the foundation of modern science and technology. His experiments with magnetism and electromotive force set the forth the practical application of electricity, leading to its widespread adaption around the globe. He also introduced many of the of the terms relevant to both chemistry and electricity in use today. He also laid the foundation for atomic theory and set the stage for electronics on which the Internet lives. Around the same time, steam technology, around since near the beginning of ((1711Uranus-1819)) moved out of the mining industry onto steamships and onto what would become railroads. From here forward transportation and electricity, moved forward in parallel. {attachment id=61} * ~1821: Faraday introduces electromotion; steam moves to transportation; * ~1868: Siemens establishes practical use of DC current; electric trams soon follow; Edison begins experiments; Otto releases internal combustion engine * ~1908: Radio transmissions begin; electric appliances begin to reach public; Henry Ford builds mass-production factories; heavier than air machines begin flying regularly; * ~1956: Transistors prove practical; post-war boom puts automobiles in hands of most classes at least in US; jets begin to replace propeller aircraft ~1993: Internet goes into hands of general public; cell-phones take similar path; electronics increasingly take over engine regulation and monitoring; Internet culture promotes global industrialization. These connections certainly display how society changed in revolutionary ways. The Age or Reason took a big leap away from Church dogma, electricity and motorized transportation dramatically altered how and where people could and did live. The Internet and its networked cousins brought every part of the world to almost everyone's fingertips. These changes have positive and negative affects we still work through but Uranus-Neptune waves clearly point to trajectories related to how one collective transacts with another. ...page... Uranus-Pluto Waves Span: Alternates 110/140 years. Again since Pluto makes up part of this pairing, the increments have unequal lengths of 110 and 140 years. Astrologers claim each planet represent different forms of massive forces of change: revolutionary and evolutionary. If this proves true we should expect incremental change and advances suddenly leading to major breakthroughs or breakdowns. Recent history matches Uranus-Pluto events to times of dramatic, sometimes violent uprisings. These times also brought major lurches forward, featuring times where humans had to accept new circumstance whether prepared to or not. 1455-1848 {attachment id=64} {attachment id=63} {attachment id=62} {attachment id=53} Uranus-Pluto waves have a direct pedigree from the invention of the printing press up to and including the birth of the Internet, tainted with revolutions of all kinds along the way. 1454 could have been a year when the Italain city states could have united into a powerful bloc. Instead inner rivalaries prickled their attempted treaty and Italian unity faded far into the future. Meanwhile, in England the end of the Hundred Years War ignited the War of the Roses, a sometimes bitter contest eventually established the English character that later powered into a part of imperial power. Back on the mainland, Gutenberg eventually beat out others and printed a Bible by press, one the still bears his moniker. On the Black Sea in 1453, the long fading Byzantine Empire, the last remnants of Imperial Rome, fell to a Turkish emir (with the help of a Hungarian engineer on the cannons). {attachment id=64} By 1498, a good portion of the Carribean opened up to European culture, with some of the results reaching publication by press. Stories of African and Indian sea routes also began to reach the hands of the literate, a small portion but one who might know to whom to sell precious spices. Some conjecture that Turkish control inspired these sea voyages, but the Ottomans never cut off the trade routes. At mid-cycle near 1540 the Tudor king, Henry VIII descendant of a victor of the War of the Roses, broke with the Roman Church, setting up worship fairly unchanged but under power of the throne. In one bold move a tithe disappeared and asset of influence emerged; the throne could award abbys and convents for special favors. Tnat the Church alread fought Protestanism in Germany, Switzerland and Bohemia did not escape the attenion of this influential monarch. Also around this time Copernicus would oppose the Church in another way. His publication spoke of revolution of a different kind, that of planets around the sun. Around the upper square of 1566, the man who took Copernicus' ideas another critical step, Kepler entered this world. Around the same time, Europe's religious conflict entered a level where Protestants fought among themselves to establish the best way to worship, while fighting the Catholic hierarchy. The still mighty Church close to this time (1564) sent the message that its reform would not come into question at the Council of Trent. Indeed, it signaled a redoubling of its efforts by launching the Counter-Reformation. Notice too that two polities that soon gained much through more secular approaches. England and the United Provinces begin to move beyond where Spain and Portugal, partnered business interests with government, setting a trend that Spain knew nothing of. As the ((1455Uranus-Pluto1598)) wave came to end and ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) dawned, we can see the power of print in action again as ((Kepler)) refined Copernicus, forging the chain the led to Galileo)) (also born at upper square of 1567) to confirm heliocentric focus of our solar system. The printed word and the formation of the modern English also emerge as themes through ((Shakespeare)) another denizen of the circa ((1567 Uranus-Pluto upper square)) (both were born in 1564). Completing the wave, we should note that Descartes, the man most often connected to established the philosophical foundation came to the world in 1598. ...page... 1599-1710 {attachment id=63} The ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) connects the last of the ((Renaissances)) through the ((English Civll War)), the onset of the ((Age of Reason)) and the ((Peace of Westphalia)) at the midpoint around 1649, through the onset of the Industrial Age around start of the XVIIth century. Through all of the events we can see the shadow of the press (King James Bible, The Leviathan, Discourse in Method, the ability to distribute treaty text in various languages. The midpoint, a busy time because ((1478Uranus-Neptune1650)) ended and the midpoint of ((1399Neptune-Pluto1892)) appeared at the same time also coincided with the births of ((Newtown)) and ((Liebniz)). The roots of the French Revolution firmly planted themselves with ((Le Fronde)) as the last Spanish glory begin its final fade as the second half of ((1599Uranus-Pluto1710)) came to an end. Also of note, the Church here lost its political role; it issued a Bull against the peace that ended the religious wars; it was ignored. ...page... 1711-1848 {attachment id=62} Balance of Power Diplomacy dominated this period, None of the major powers France, Great Britain and Austria felt they could afford to let the another gain too strategic and advantage. With this knowledge, smaller entities used any strategic anamoly to their advantage, engaging in alliances or playing offers against one another to gain whatever they could. This condition engendered creation of standing armies and weaponry, a new development meant to bypass the needs of mercernaries. Mercernaries still survive down to our time, but standing armies now make up a major part of standard military practice. An offshoot of this practice came in the form of strategic shows of force. Leaders with shiny new armies often did want to ding them in combat. Soldiers would move to a threatening position and then negotiations began. Nonetheless, armies and arms cost money, more specifically cash. A system of modern taxation still lay on the horizon. This arms race, along with other factors, contributed to the conditions that exploded at the peak of ((1710Uranus-Pluto1848)): the ((French Revolution)). Though other outer planet events connect with this watershed event, the connections to Uranus-Pluto events stand clear. For one, as we have seen whenever an outer planet wave reaches a midpoint, history reaches a turning point. This proves no different as the condition appeared between 1792-93. Secondly, the on the ground conditions match the timeline of 1711Uranus-Pluto1848. The arms war launched by Louis XIVth continued through the XVIIIth century. Both his method and government and another underlying factor of the Revolution date back to around ((1598Uranus-180-Pluto1710: 1649)). The other factor? The Age of Reason. The ((Enlightenment)), its successor, fairly well described many of the may ideals the revolution was supposed to test. By the beginning of 1711Uranus-Pluto1848, it pretty much was well on its way to be a guiding force for the rest of the century. With this cultural movement, we recognize the pedigree of Gutenberg's Bible near the ((1455 Uranus-Pluto conjunction)); the Enlightenment gorged on the printed word. A major grievance of the uprising centered around representative taxation, an issue also dating back to the Sun King. Modern armies and commerce run on cash, but most governments lacked the ability to leverage of the growing commercial market. These markets included engineers, lawyers and accountants, who demanded a regular and stated rate of pay. But most monarchies, built on primogeniture traced back centuries, lived on fixed incomes. Ultimately, this need for politics to catch up with modern reality represented the root cause of the event that forever transformed the class structure of European culture, wherever it landed. From here forward the terms liberal and conservative, socialist or capitalist began to better explain peoples view than medieval terms left behind. Leaping forward to 1965 and the beginning of ((1966Uranus-Pluto2100)) we recognize these very terms and some of the characteristics of protest pioneered in the 1790s. Socialism, popularism as well as conservatism and even fascism all trace their roots to La Revolution. In fact, each ((quadrate alignment)) from 1792 through 1965 points to a turning point related to competition among the classes, particularly along the lines of socialism versus capitialism. Certainly, the grievances related to these issues helped fuel the split from the ancien regime. The revolution's seeming failure still inspired others to attempt the same with varyiing degrees of success. The Uranus-Pluto conjunction of 1848 coincided with revolutions across Europe an atmosphere that encouraged the publication of the ((Communist Manifesto))-- ((Karl Marx)) was born at the Uranus-Pluto upper square in 1821. At the ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) ((lower square)) around 1876 we run into the ((Panic of 1873)) and ((Great Railroad Strike of 1877)). The latter especially laid out the storyboard for labor issues in the United States.through the 1930s.The railroad striike, that turned increasingly violent, arrived on the combination of government fiat connected to corporate financing. When the ((Jay Cooke Bank)) failed it set up a cascade of failures across the United States. In 1877 when B&O raillroad attempted to cut wages for the second time that year, workers prevented stock from moving. This set off a movement that eventually shut down railroad transit around the nation. Eventually, federal troops helped suppress the violence. The final outcome her is that the unions realized that they required a stronger voice and strategies other than riots. But the battle of worker versus corporation was firmly enjoined. Around the world during the 1870s, socialist groups enjoined setting up next episodes of struggle. 1849-1965 {attachment id=53} The quadrate alignments for ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) fell along the fault lines of Communism and the working class struggles. Falling back a bit, 1848 brought revolutions that though ostensibly unsuccessful, scared governments enough to introduce rights and freedoms to more and more citizens. Governments looked for ways to increase suffrage while various groups advocated for the same. One that began with little relent were women. The first Feminist convention convened at Seneca falls in 1848. Around the same the US abolitionst movement began to advocate for freedoms, butting against US law. We already covered the 1877 lower square and how the capitalism spurred by industrialism gave rise to workers rights advocacy. That these still appeared largely unmet evinces in the Progressive movements at the turn of the XXth century and the disastorous 1905 Russian Revolution. We can see the other side of the equation with the introduction of mass production pioneered by ((Henry Ford)) near the 1901 Uranus-Pluto opposition. Here we see the signature of the ((1710Uranus-0-Pluto1848: 1710)) where the Industrial Revolution began and one, like the printing press, that likely will carry down through history.1930 near the ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) ((upper square)) touched these circumstances in at least a couple ways. ((Stalin)) around this time consolidated his power, transforming socialism into a state run machine, for better and worse. With mass production methods, the then USSR produced its way to some parity with the West. Efforts turned out successful enough to promote the Soviet Republics by the end of ((1849Uranus-Pluto1965)) to superpower status. At what was also the beginning of ((1966Uranus-Pluto2100)), the two powers representing the most powerful of competing idioms, capitalism and socialism brought the world close to mass destruction, and after backing away from direct confrontation used proxy wars to battle the other's industrial-military complex. The 1960s' cultural complexities match those of planetary interactions of the time; we must factor in all of outer planet ((quadrature alignments)) (there were many) to make reasonable connections between the outer planets and the history of the decade, but the roadmap established above makes clear how events of that decade demonstrates clear Uranus-Pluto connections. Another one very similar to Gutenberg's Bible came into history with the introduction of the ((Arapanet)), its cousins and its descendants. Like the printing press it served a few needs at first, but eventually the needs and wants delivered via the Internet find limit only at the number of people who access it. Taken beyond the restriction of actual usage, books affected millions who never learned to read. Our culture reveres the printed word, for good reason. We measure a nation or culture by its literacy. We should remember, however, that the book, like introduction of writing, also brought a way life to end. Before books reached critical mass, delivery of the spoken word followed a tradition dating back centuries. Yes, the Church produced text written by hand, but even this technique matches the ability to interject individual style into each piece. The press took the first step into mass production, introducing many of the requirements and behaviors inherent to modern commerce and industry.Banking, accounting, government treasuries all depend on the repitition and precision that the press provides. Gutenberg had to defend his patent against the financial backer that lended him the capital needed to produce his seminal invention. With the press we also received communication in the vernacular, the ability to convey standard instructions to many at once over long distances. Advertising and promotion played major roles in fomenting revolution both religious and secular: Martin Luther's message spread prodigiously with the help of the press. Through the printed word people read of a new world and cast their fate to words cast on paper. The press also brought to us authors, those who could make a living solely or partially because of their ability to place words on paper people wanted to read. Eventually, women too could do the same, a development that still alters our worldview. What people wrote or read could range from a treatise on, the evils of witches or Mein Kampf, Little Women or Walden's Pond. Like money, the printed word could end up in anyone's hand. Directly descendant from the press, the Internet and similar networks is open to all, from pedophiles to racists, to humane societies and mental health support groups, the Internet offers access to all and changes even those who have never touched a computer. Like the printed word it simultaneously enriches and displaces. Mid-Term Waves Saturn-Uranus Waves Duration: 46 Years This frequency means that the same Saturn-Uranus quadurate alignment occurs twice a century. Saturn-Neptune Waves Saturn-Pluto Waves Duration: 31/38 Years ...page... Short-Term Waves ...page... Real World Wave Examples 1954Saturn-Neptune1989 This wave is covered in more detail here, but a synopsis helps illustrate the above: * 0°/360°-1954: The Saturn-Neptune conjunction stood within in orb of the joint UK/USA overthrow of Mossadeq, prime minister of the democratically elected Iranian government of 1951. They installed the western-oriented Shah, who depended on the Americans to keep his power * 90°-1962: Khomeini exiled to Turkey by Shah. This enabled the cleric to gather support international support to his cause. The time also included forced literacy programs in the military and mass relocations that urbanized the cities to the expense of rural landowners. This program created a middle-class but also enriched many of the Shah's supporters. The middle-class became torn between support for the Shah and distaste of government control. * * 2.7: Saturn: A Clue * 3: Saturn * 3.1: Saturn and the Human Condition find this or rewrite * 3.2: Saturn and Outer Planet Waves find this also * 3.3: Generations and Subgenerations via the Outer Planets * 3.4: Saturn and Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity equals the ability of a given region to support its denizens. Saturn's orbit of nearly thirty years represents human generations, a measurement that remains standard across time. A simple exercise demostrates how human generations and carrying capacity relate to one another. This different view of Saturn gives it a broader meaning when seen as part of an outer planet wave pairing. As we see over and over again, measuring history helps us see our pasts (and futures) from a perspective unavailable through conventional means. How humans influence carrying capacity changes over time. Hunter/gatherers for hundreds of thousands of years remained at the mercy of climate and environment. They altered the equation by determining what plants they could cultivate to produce a more conistent dietary supply. This led to a number of agricultural revolutions that literally began to alter all of Earth's ecosystems. At the same time it set a trend of extending lifespans beyond the thirty plus years of the average hunter/gatherer. Many Egytian engineers, merchants, priests and royalty lived well into their sixties some two thousand years after the Agricultural Revolution of 4545bceNeptune-Pluto4042bce. This means that generations upon generations set up a new matrix impossible under times of less cultivation. Carrying capacity had expanded to at least two Saturn returns. Likewise, society had moved beyond purely agrarian motivations to where members built elaborate momuments to carry celebrants safely into the afterlife. Life had progressed to the point that people could contemplate about abstract concepts such as afterlife as much as they could survival. Let us carry this forward to Isaac Newton's time. His time featured the transition from medievalism to modernism. Certainly, his claim to fame has little to do with agriculture, but his life tells us much about carrying capacity and the generations of Saturn. Newton (4 January 1643 - March 31, 1727) lived to be eighty-four, equivalent to three Saturn returns. His work moved the mathematic and scientific (in fact, finely definining it) past Plato and and Aristotle. But his work would have meant nothing in a vacuum. Newton's work implies the carrying capacity that both preceded him and supported him throughout his lifetime. Here we instead of pyramids we speak of abstract formulas and highly reformed methods that help us see and manipulate the world to a level unavailable to humans for millions of years until his time. But we also speak of university build‌ings and classes, along with students and the parents that supported them. Supporting these include a network of merchants and farrmers, pirates, lawyers and priests, all necessary elements a society that can support universities and the schools that feed students to them. In addition, Newton had an adversary, Liebniz, who too represented his network of capacity enablers that allowed him the time to develop his cornucopia of ideas. In no way can we compare the carrying capacity of England and France to that of ancient Egypt, yet look how Saturn's orbit remain valid in all cases. Saturn orbits to human lifes in the time of the pyramids comes in at around two or so for the highly supported, the educated. By Newton's time it had expanded to around three. In addition, human capability during these Saturn-measured periods had changed from the marvels of pyramids to the verge of manipulation down to the atomic level. As human longevity grows so do the number of people who live with more and more Saturn returns. With this growth we should expect a higher level of what the public can understand and accomplish. Throughout all of ((1893Neptune-Pluto2384)) the relationship between Saturnine generations and carrying capacity takes on new meaning. Lifespans growing ever longer represents an opposite problem than during any other Neptune-Pluto wave: too many people living too long and too comfortably threatens our existence. At the same all peoples have the capacity to understand the situation and even * 4: How Charts Fit In (was charts and things) * 4.1: Interpreting National Charts * 4.2: Charts of Leaders and Other Notables * 5: Measuring History in Action * 5.1: The Three Outer Planets and The Axial Age {maketoc} The Axial Age Between world of gods and God came a transition known to some as the ((Axial Age)), a term first coined by ((Karl Jaspers)) and covered much by ((Karen Armstrong)). This period stands out as the time when some humans began to decide that a montheistic system of worship served better than a polytheistic one. The Axial Age, previous eras and consequences of the Axial Age on the site Religious Tolerance excellently summarizes the period: In the years centering around 500 BCE, great advances in religion, philosophy, science, democracy, and many forms of art - occurred independently and almost simultaneously in China, India, the Middle East, and Greece. Spiritual foundations were laid which humanity still use today. 3 In these times of social upheaval and political turmoil, a new elite became the carrier of a new cultural and social order. Great religious leaders rose to prominence attracting a mass following, and many sociological, cultural, economic and spiritual changes were made: bullet In China, many individual thinkers, such as Confucius, Lao-Tse, and Mo Tzu, began to reflect on the ethical and metaphysical implications of human existence. From their teachings arose Confucianism, Daoism and Jainism. bullet In India, the authors of the Upanishads expanded the scope of their explorations to include metaphysical thinking in the search for the ultimate truth and the meaning of life and death. India experienced a dramatic socio-political and intellectual transformation, and produced the teachings of the Buddha and Mahavira. Like China, new teachings ran the whole gamut of philosophical schools of thought, including even skepticism, materialism, sophism, and nihilism. bullet In Palestine, the prophets Elijah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Deutero-Isaiah made their appearance. The law and moral code of the Israelites dates back to before this age. bullet In ancient Mesopotamia, cultural developments were relatively close to those in ancient Israel. However, concepts including the belief in a transcendent creator God, and full subservience of the political rulers to a God did not materialize. 4 bullet In Greece, developments were more philosophical than spiritual. Greece witnessed the appearance of: bullet Thales, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus who regarded all existence to be in a state of flux -– one cannot step in the same river twice, bullet Parmenides, who discoursed on the nature of permanent ‘being’ as opposed to ‘becoming’, and bullet Democritus, who devised the first atomic theory of nature. Here we begin to see a distinct change from humans feeling that forces beyond their control determining how their lives proceeded to understanding the forces in the world. The leap from from comprehending the forces to trying to control them is miniscule. Well, almost. Using the forces of nature for human benefit really did not fully take hold until the Industrial Revolution of the XVIIIth century. A Triple Conjunction During the years 577bce to 575bce the three outer planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto aligned around 9° Taurus for the only time from the Neolithic Period forward. The Combination Some may naturally see the connection between the Axial Age and the Triple Conjunction as coincident, but Stepping Forward The most revealing step forward comes at the dawn of the Age of Reason. This grand steep toward secularism cannot help but remind that secular thought also arose as a need during the Axial Age. Stepping Back Saturn's Connections As happens at historical crossroads Saturn Conclusions The history and the out * 5.2: The Uneven Distribution of Revolution {maketoc}{maketoc} The Uneven Distrbution of Evolution The case that evolution was unevenly distributed holds here as it does elsewhere. As you will learn, different groups show various forms of progress along the path of the wave, but in no way will progress surpass built in characteristics or tendencies. Spain could not overcome its distance. lack of education and poor soil. England excelled because of many of the advantages with which it began the 1398 wave. Eastern Europe generally began the wave with a culture less conducive to grant freedoms stifling motivation to innovate. The examples are many. What we should learn here is that the conditions under which a group begins a wave does much to determine how it will proceed during it. Understand that each cardinal point that heralds a new phase should be seen as a decision point, a time when the parties involved could have chosen various paths. That a party did not know a new path opened to them matters not. Actually, this is where how evolution occurring at different rates reveals itself.
Spain and England between 1398 and 1572 best illustrate this concept. Spain in the 1570s found itself trying to avoid bankruptcy, defend Catholicism across Europe and at war with the crown\'s possession, the Netherlands. England faced the usual uncertainty over rights to the throne, solidifying, but still not fully defined religious identity and a need to gain a foothold in overseas ventures. As it turned out Spain could not after 1572, at Neptune-Pluto the lower square overcome its poor financial management, spottily educated administration and divided national interests. In contrast, England unified behind its queen, consolidated its power over religion and entered the slave and ocean trade that cemented its rise to empire. Why did one nation succeed where another, one that had an apparent advantage of a seemingly endless flow of precious metals, failed?.
The answer lies with the conditions found at the start of the wave. Spain never shared the same sense of unity as England. It had a relatively poor economy--less suitable soil contributed greatly to this--a condition that lead to a smaller middle class from which to draw modernizing talents. Add the Inquisition to Jewish exile and a picture of nation that discouraged innovation and enterprise emerges. Another fact tells more: Spain sent their maps to Germany for printing, lacking the homegrown talent to which entrust such sensitive information. We should also know that much of Spain\'s woes were more Castilian than Spanish. Spain was part of Charles I\'s dynasty, his inheritance as grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand. Spain played a role in Charles\' plans more than they did for the Spanish. Altogether, this led to a situation where very few Spaniards had motivation to invest in their own land. Contrast this with England where from before 1398 the landowners had always had power through the Parliament. In the the long the landowners through its advisory body and by its ability to raise capital eventually led to the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. Its representative government, though somewhat limited, still managed to involve enough citizens that it avoided the upheaval of the continent. The English had more cause to believe that their efforts would benefit themselves and their country. Since from 1688 forward the English monarch served at the agreement of Parliament, he too had to be seen as serving the nation\'s interest. In contrast, soon after the 1700s, the Spanish crown increasing served foreign interests almost exclusively. In short, Spain could never move past its conditions at the start while England thrived based on them.
This observation extends to past Europe. China began the 1398 the most prosperous on the planet, but never felt the motivation to change. Some empires in preSpanish America rivaled the riches of Europe, but never had the closely competitive societies of Europe. Africa remained too sparsely populated to create centers of agriculture. let alone industry.
This disparity in development patterns has other ramifications as well. Various systems evolved in different areas at fluctuating rates. Because England developed a parliamentary system sooner than their counterparts, other areas lagged behind. The lower classes developed a voice later than the French for instance. * 5.3: Spain, France & England I cover this topic more in depth in the upcoming 1648 because these three nations serve as a great model of compare and contrast for the 1399Neptune-Pluto1892 wave, during which 1648 stands at the midpoint. All three nations began that wave in disimilar states. How they each progressed through that wave at rates easily measured by the outer planet timescale demonstrates how to gauge progress accordingly. This method also goes a long way in showing how different rates of evolution determine outcomes down the line. At same time it also displays how decisions made at each quadurate alignment turns historical vectors in directions that determine future outcomes. The study of each is divided accordingly. * 5.3.1: Spain * 5.3.2: France * 5.3.3: England * 5.4: The French Revolution Example * 5.5: The Outer Planets and the Onset of WWI: A Visual Guide see notecase version * 6: History by Century via the Outer Planets * 6.1: Outer Planet History by Century: XIVth Century * 6.2: Outer Planet History by Century: XVth Century * 6.3: Outer Planet History by Century: XVIth Century * 6.4: Outer Planet History by Century: XVIIth Century * 6.5: Outer Planet History by Century: XVIIIth Century * 6.6: Outer Planet History by Century: XIXth Century * 6.7: Outer Planet History by Century: XXth Century